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Title: human reroduction
Description: this notes will goin to hepl you during exams
Description: this notes will goin to hepl you during exams
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Testis
Male Reproductive System
Vasa efferentia
Paired testes
Accessary ducts
Epidiymis
Vas deferens
Prostate gland (1)
Accessary gland
Seminal gland (2)
External genitalia
(penis)
cowper's glands (2)
1
...
Urination :
I
...
B
...
II
...
Foreskin covers gland
...
Scrotum :
A
...
B
...
C
...
e
...
)
3
...
In most of the mammals, testis are extra abdominal because
sperm production, maturation and storage requires 2-3 degrees
lower temperature
...
Scrotum provide a favourable environment for health sperm
formation
...
Testis of male body are formed during 7th to 8th week of
pregnancy and are intra-abdominal
...
Testis migrate to scrotum during 7th to 8th month of pregnancy
...
• Each testis has about 250 compartments called testicular
lobules
...
• Length of one turbels is approx
...
• The male sex accessary ducts include rete testis, vasa
efferentia, epididymis and vas deferens
...
The vasa efferentia leaves the testis and open into
epididymis located along the posterior surface of each
testis
...
Glands :
Accessory gland :
They include
A
...
A prostate gland
C
...
Prostate gland : provides an alkaline fluid that can protest sperm from
harsh vaginal acids
...
Food “ fructose “
Cowper’s gland : produce clear lubricating fluid
...
Cryptorchidism : the testis are unable to descend in the scrotal
sacs
...
Hydrocoele : collection of fluid within the tissues near testicles,
painless enlargement of scrotum
...
Inguinal heria : a condition in which soft tissues bulges through
weak point in the abdominal muscles
Symptoms : include pain, especially when a person cough, bends or left a
heavy object
...
If the hernia is growing or painful,
Female reproductive system
surgery can repair it
...
• Tubes terminate near the ovaries but are not attached
...
• Tubes conduct eggs to uterus by use of small hair called cilia
...
Egg viable for only 24-28 hours after ovulation
...
• Muscles (myometrium) stretch to allow the body to develop
...
• Lining of uterus (endometrium) thickens with blood – rich tissue due to
progesterone endometrium supports embryo/foetus during growth
...
• If not pregnant, lining breaks down and is discharged from the body through
vagina
...
• Cervix connects uterus to vagina
...
• Cervical mucous closes the door at all other times
...
• Opening of uterus into vagina
...
• Let’s sperm into uterus after ovulation
...
Labia :
• 2 layers of skin, which fold over the opening of vagina and urethra
...
Inner labia (labia miora)
II
...
• Pubic hair grows on outer labia
...
• Located at junction of inner labia near front of body
...
Mammary gland (breast) :
• A pair of mammary glands contains glandular tissue & fat
...
• The cell of alveoli secrete milk
...
• The alveoli open into mammary tubules
...
• Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary ampulla which is
connected to lactiferous duct through which milk is sucked out
...
Two processes of gametogenesis are :
• Spermatogenesis
• Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis : it is the process of formation of sperms (spermatozoa) in
seminiferous tubules of testis
...
Multiplication phase
2
...
Maturation phase of formation of spermatids
4
...
Then they are released from seminiferous tubules
...
IMPORTANT
• A mature sperm is about 0
...
• Sperm is enveloped by a plasma membrane
...
• The human male ejaculates about 200-300 million sperms during
a coitus
...
• It takes place in graafian follicles
...
• Oogonia multiply to form primary oocytes
...
• It will finish the division as it develops in the follicle, giving rise
to a haploid secondary oocyte and a smaller polar body
...
• It will not finish this division unless it is fertilized by a sperm
...
Ovulation : graafian follicle now ruptures to release the secondary
oocytes (ovum) from the ovary
...
Menstrual cycle (reproductive cycle) :
→ It is the cyclic event starting from one menstruation till the next that take
place during the reproductive period
...
→ Menstrual cycle is also seen in other primates
...
Menopause : stopping the menstrual cycle (at about 50 yrs
...
Menstrual phase
(1-5th day)
follicular(proliferative) phase
(5-13th day)
ovulatory phase
(14th day)
secretory (luteal) phase
(15-28th day)
1
...
• It lasts for 3-5 days
...
• Menstruation occurs if the released ovum in not fertilized
...
Follicular(proliferative) phase :
• This phase usually includes cycle days 6-13 or 14 in a 28 days cycle
...
• Oestrogens stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium of the
uterine wall
...
3
...
• Oestrogen concentration in blood increase
...
• In fact LH causes ovulation
...
Secretory phase :
• Includes cycle days 15 to 28 days
...
• Uterine glands become secretory
...
• LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
...
• Proliferative phase is caused by the increased production of oestrogens
...
Title: human reroduction
Description: this notes will goin to hepl you during exams
Description: this notes will goin to hepl you during exams