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BEHAVIORISM
SOBIA SAHIBZADA
Behaviorism
Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory
of learning which states all behaviors are learned through
interaction with the environment through a process called
conditioning
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Behaviorism is only concerned with observable stimulusresponse behaviors, as they can be studied in a systematic and
observable manner
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John B
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Ivan Pavlov
3
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B
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Skinner
5
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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936)
Pavlov obtained a degree in natural science in 1879 and then
remained at the academy to pursue a degree in medicine
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Research on Digestion
During the 1890s, Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov was researching
salivation in dogs in response to being fed
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At the start of the experiment, dogs would be presented meat,
which would cause them to salivate
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In the experiment, the dogs heard a bell before they were
brought food
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Classical conditioning:
The process by which an animal or human learns to associate two
previously unrelated stimuli with each other
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) This type of
conditioning involves involuntary responses
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John Broadus Watson (1878–1958)
He was born on January 9, 1878 in the South Carolina
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Watson’s view of psychology was to have two long-lasting
effects:
I
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II
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Explicit (overt) learned behavior such as talking, writing,
and playing baseball;
ii
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Explicit unlearned behavior such as grasping, blinking,
and sneezing;
iv
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According to Watson, everything that a person did, including
thinking, falls into one of these four categories
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Classical Conditioning
In another experiment that showed the classical conditioning of
emotions in humans, the psychologist J
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Watson exposed a 9-monthold child, whom they called “Little Albert,” to a white rat and other
furry animals, like a rabbit as well as cotton, wool, and other stimuli
all of which did not frighten Albert
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Watson then made a loud sound with a hammer, which frightened
Albert and made him cry
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This showed that he had learned to associate his response (becoming
afraid and crying) to another stimulus that had not frightened him
before
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Edward Thorndike
Edward Thorndike (1898) is famous in psychology for his
work on learning theory that lead to the development
of operant conditioning within Behaviorism
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According to this principle, behavior that is followed by
pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behavior
followed by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be
repeated
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B
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Skinner
B
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Skinner was an influential thinker responsible for
introducing operant conditioning and schedules of
reinforcement
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Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of Effect Reinforcement
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e
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e
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Skinner (1948) studied operant conditioning by conducting
experiments using animals which he placed in a 'Skinner Box'
which was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box
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g
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g
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) The three types of
reinforcement are as follows:
i
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g
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ii
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g
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iii
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References
https://www
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com/behaviorism-in-psychology4171770
https://www
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org/pavlov