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ANATOMY
&
PHYSIOLOGY

CELLS
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Basic unit of life
Synthesis of molecules
Communication
Cell metabolism and energy release
Reproduction and inheritance (DNA)

1
...

2
...

 Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium are
found in higher concentrations INSIDE
the cell
...



1
...
Membrane channels:
 proteins that extend from one side of
cell membrane to other
 size, shape, and charge (+/-)
determine what can go through
Ex
...
Carrier molecules:
 bind to molecules, transport them
across, and drop them off
Ex
...
Membrane channels:
 can transport a variety of materials
 fuse with cell membrane

Diffusion through the Cell Membrane

Leak & Gated Membrane Channels

What is it?
 Movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration
SOLUTION: solid, liquid, or gas that contains one or more solutes
SOLUTE: substance added to solvent that dissolves
SOLVENT: substance such as H2O that solute is being added to
Ex
...
H2O = SOLVENT, salt = SOLUTE, mixture = SOLUTION
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT:
 measures conc
...
Sodium-potassium pump
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

What is it?
 diffusion of water across a
cell membrane
OSMOTIC PRESSURE:
 force required to prevent
movement of water across
cell membrane

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION:
 lower conc
...
of H2O outside cell
 H2O moves into cell
 lysis (burst)
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION:
 higher conc
...
H2O inside cell
 H2O moves out
 crenation (shrinks)
ISOTONIC SOLUTION:
 equal conc
...
Sperm
MICROVILLI:
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: shorter than cilia
Function: increase surface area

What is it?
 cell’s framework
 made of proteins
FUNCTIONS:
 provide support
 hold organelles in place
 enable cell to change shape

What is it?
 double helix in nucleus
 composed of nucleotides
 contains 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose,
nitrogen base, phosphate)

 Also called Central Dogma
 Occurs in three stages:
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation

What is it?
 process by mRNA is converted into
amino
 acids (polypeptides)
 produces proteins
 codons pair with anticodons
 ANTICODONS: 3 nucleotide bases
carried by tRNA

What is it?
 cell division that occurs in all cells except
sex cells
 forms 2 daughter cells

o
o
o

MICROTUBULES:
 largest diameter
 provide structural support
 form cilia and flagella
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS:
 medium diameter
 maintain cell shape
MICROFILAMENTS:
 smallest diameter
 involved in cell movement

What is it?
 information in DNA directs protein
synthesis
 proteins provide code for gene
expression
 enzymes regulate chemical reactions
 uses transcription and translation

What is it?
 process by which DNA is “read”
 occurs in ribosomes
 produces mRNA (messenger RNA)
 mRNA contains codons
 CODONS: set of 3 nucleotide bases that
code for a particular amino acid

What is it?
 formation of 2 daughter cells from a
single parent cell
 uses MITOSIS and MEIOSIS
 each cell (except sperm and egg)
contains
 46 chromosomes (DIPLOID)
 sperm & egg contain 23 chromosomes

CHROMATID: 2 strands of chromosomes that are genetically identical
CENTROMERE: where 2 chromatids are connected
CENTRIOLES: small organelle composed of 9 triplets



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time between cell divisions
DNA is in strands (chromatin)
DNA replication occurs



chromatin condenses into
chromosomes



centrioles move to opposite ends



Chromosomes align




chromatids separate to form 2 sets of
chromosomes
chromosomes move towards centrioles





chromosomes disperse
nuclear envelopes and nucleoli form
cytoplasm divides to form 2 cells



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