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RADIATION TECHNIQUE
DARKROOM
• A scientific laboratory
Where radiography starts and ends
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH AGENCY (OSHA)
• It requires RT to wear face mask
RATIONALE: fumes are carcinogenic
DARKROOM DISEASE
• Hypersensitivity to fumes
MAIN FUNCTION OF DARKROOM
• To prevent/protect film from exposure to white light and ionizing radiation during
handling and processing
EXPOSED FILM
• 2-8 times more sensitive to subsequent exposure than unexposed film
RATIONALE: it contains the latent image
LATENSIFICATION
• Increase in sensitivity after exposure to white light or ionizing radiation
IMPORTANCE OF PROCESSING ROOM
1
...
) SIZE
15ft x 9
...
) PROTECTS AGAINST RADIATION
Darkroom can be adjacent to exposure room only if:
CONCRETE: greater than 6 inches
HOLLOW BLOCKS: filled with cement
WOOD: with 1
...
) TOTALLY INSIDE
All automatic processor are located inside

ADVANTAGE: jammed films can be retrieved without exposure to white
light
DISADVANTAGES:
Increased heat/temperature, noise and humidity/moist
B
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) BULK OUTSIDE
Only the feed tray is located inside
Used only when the darkroom is small
ADVANTAGES: almost no heat, noise and humidity
DISADVANTAGES:
Jammed films can’t be retrieved through white light
Repeat exposure when the films are exposed
4
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) CLEANLINESS
Avoid SMOKING, EATING and DRINKING
RATIONALE: to prevent artifacts

EFFICIENT DARKROOM
Pertaining to cleanliness
Uncluttered counter tops
6
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) ILLUMINATION
WHITE LIGHT ILLUMINATION
Overhead light
2-4 fluorescent lamps
48 inches/8 m2
PURPOSE:
Maintenance
Emergency cases
Cleaning
SAFELIGHT ILLUMINATION
DISTANCE: 3-4 ft
WATTAGE:
7
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) COLORS OF WALL
PASTEL AND LIGHT: reflectance of safelight
ENAMEL AND EPOXY: easy to clean and durable
MATTE FINISH NOT GLOSSY: it will not reflect white light
NEON COLOR: prohibited
Bright Color vs Dark Color: bright color is the best choice
9
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) DARKROOM ENVIRONMENT
Daily
Maintained clean, well ventilated, organized and safe
B
...
05 OD
Always check the DISTANCE, WATTAGE and FILTERS used
WRATTEN 6B: >550 nm
GBX 2: > 600 nm
ACCEPTABLE: 0
...
) AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR TEMPERATURE
Weekly
Greater than ± 0
...
5 oF
D
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) DEVELOPER SOLUTION pH
Quarterly/Every 3 months/Weekly
NORMAL pH: 10-11
...
6-10
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) FIXER SOLUTION
Quarterly/Every 3 months/Weekly
NORMAL pH: 4-4
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2-4
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) DEVELOPER SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Quarterly/Every 3 months/Weekly
Not greater than 0
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) PROCESSOR CONTROL CHART MONITORING
Daily
Early in the morning
After the automatic processor reached its maximum capacity or has been
warmed up
Not greater than 0
...
2
Controls the toe of the characteristic curve
HYDROQUINONE
Film contrast indicator
Second to produced
Black tones
Dmax = greater than 1
...
) MONOCHROMATIC FILM
COLOR: Blue sensitive
GRAINS: Globular
SCREEN PHOSPHOR: Calcium tungstate (not specific emission)
Sensitive to spectrum wavelength of photons
2
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) PANCHROMATIC FILM
Sensitive to all visible light spectrum
GRAIN TECHNOLOGY
1
...
) TABULAR GRAIN
Tabletop-like structure
Provides bigger surface
For green sensitive film
CALCIUM TUNGSTATE
Broad band colors (Blue, Indigo, Violet)
LINE EMISSION: not specific emission
RARE EARTH
OXYBROMIDE: Blue
OXYSULFIDE: Green
LANTHANUM: Blue
LINE EMISSION: specific emission
LANTHANIDE
ATOMIC #: 57-71
Yttrium: 39
Lanthanum: 57
Gadolinium: 64
GENERAL TYPES OF FILM
1
...
) SCREEN FILM
Indirect exposure o
Uses thinner emulsion
More sensitive to light
Light: 90-99%
X-ray: 1-10%
ADVANTAGES:
Decreased patient dose
Decreased developing time
DISADVANTAGES:
Increased quantum mottle
Blurred image
CLASSIFICATION OF FILM
ACCORDING TO USE
1
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) THERAPY LOCALIZATION FILM
It serves as a guideline
Wide range of exposures
Direct exposure
Fine grain
ADVANTAGE: increase resolution
DISADVANTAGE: radiation is continuously emitted

SIMULATOR
It used in Cobalt 60
LETHAL DOSE
Dose required to kill cancer cells
TOLERANCE DOSE
It should be greater than lethal dose
TREATMENT FOR BREAST CANCER
Surgery – mastectomy
Radiation Therapy – regional
Chemotherapy – metastases
PALLIATIVE TREATMENT
Lengthening the life in short term basis
CURATIVE TREATMENT
Lengthening of life in long term basis
3
...
) VIDEO FILM
Single emulsion
It uses multiformat camera and laser camera
5
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) CINE/ROLL FILM

Single emulsion film
With sprocket holes
Movie film
Angiographic film
Cardiac catheterization
Width – 16 mm & 35 mm
Image – 7 x 10 mm & 24 x 35mm
Uses tagaro viewer
Frame Rate – 30-60 frames/sec
100-300 rolls
Black and white
35% actual images
7
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) COPY/DUPLICATING FILM
Reversal film
Single emulsion
It uses UV lamp and light
Black light bulb
9
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) AUTOMATIC SERIAL CHANGER
Serial radiography
Angiography
Special procedure
Special protective coating
To prevent scratches
11
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) POLAROID
Paper-based
Thermal paper
DSA and UTZ
13

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