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TOPICS
• Gross anatomy and histology of the
respiratory system
• Muscles of respiration
• Mechanism of respiration
• Gaseous exchange
• Regulation of respiratory processes
• Alkalosis and acidosis
• Lung volumes, capacities, compliance
• Common disorders of the respiratory system
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Functions
– The main function is the gaseous
exchange
• Oxygen from the atmospheric air
into the blood
• Carbon dioxide from the blood into
the atmospheric air
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COMPONENTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lungs
Nose (Nasal cavity)
Pharynx
Larynx (Adam’s apple)
Trachea
Bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary)
Bronchioles
alveolar ducts
Alveoli (tiny air sacs)
Direction of air flow (air passage)
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NOSE
•
2 external nares (nostrils)
– air enters into the nasal cavity
• The nasal cavity is lined w/ mucous
membrane
• 2 internal nares – openings to the
pharynx
• Hard palate
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Nose
• Function of the nose
–To warm, humidify, and partially
cleanse the inspired air
– (The mouth is usually used for
inspiration when extra oxygen is
needed)
– The hairs and the mucus in the nose
filters fine particles such as dust
...
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Expiration
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RESPIRATION
• External respiration
– Exchange of gases in the alveoli of
the lungs
• Internal respiration
– Exchange of gases in the blood
capillary
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EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
• Exchange of gases occurs in the alveoli
• Alveolar sacs composed of alveoli
– Provide tremendous surface area for
gas
exchange
– Alveolar walls:
• Composed of a single layer of
simple squamous epithelial cells
• Permit gas exchange by simple
diffusion
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ALVEOLI
• Secrete surfactant
– A detergent-like complex that reduces
surface tension and helps keep the
alveoli from collapsing
• Richly supplied by blood capillaries
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GASEOUS EXCHANGE
• Results from pressure differences
• O2 pressure
– In the air in the alveolus ~ 100 mm Hg
– In the blood in the capillary ~ 40 mm Hg
– PO2 : alveolus > capillary
– O2 diffuses from alveoli to capillary blood
• CO2 pressure
– In the air in the alveolus ~ 40 mm Hg
– In the blood in the capillary ~ 46 mm Hg
– PCO2: capillary > alveolus
– CO2 diffuses from capillary blood to the alveolus
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•The oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in
the blood to the tissues
• Gaseous exchange occurs in the blood
capillary (internal respiration)
– Oxygen enters the tissue
• To be used for body metabolism
– Carbon dioxide is produced in the tissues
• Leaves tissue and moves into the blood
capillary
– Transported to the lungs
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OXYGEN-HAEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE
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OXYGEN-HAEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION
CURVE
• Is a sigmoidal curve
• Represents the relationship between O2
concentration and the percentage saturation
of Hb
...
• As Hb passes through tissue capillaries where
CO2 concentration is low, it gives up about 22
% of its O2
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SOME COMMON DISORDERS OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Asthma
– Narrowing of the bronchi (lung
passageways) making breathing difficult
– May be accompanied by wheezing sound
• Bronchitis
– Inflammation of the bronchi
– Usually following infection
• Hiccup
– sudden, involuntary contractions of the
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diaphragm
SOME COMMON DISORDERS OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Rhinitis
– Inflammation of the mucous membrane of
the nose
• Pharyngitis
– Inflammation of the pharynx
• Pneumonia
– Inflammation of the lungs
– Accompanied by fever, chills, cough, and
difficulty in breathing
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– Caused chiefly by infection
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