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Philippine Literature
Introduction to the 21st Century
What is Literature?
Literature is an art of self-expression
It means “an acquaintance with letters”
In Latin “littera” means an individual written character
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It introduces us to new world of experience
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It imtates and interprets life through language
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)
Importance of Literature
Literature molds man as a total human being, sympathetic, aware and
sensitive
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Literature leads us to understand the life of man
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It is an expression of thought, feeling, emotions and attitudes towards life
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Types of Literature
Literature has two major types: oral and written
Oral literature includes ballads, myth, jokes, folktales and fables; whereas
written source has drama, novel, poetry and nonfictional literature
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Prose is a literary piece that is written without metrical structure
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Fictional literature is simply defined as a product of one’s imaginative mind
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Non-fictional literature is opposite to fiction as it comes out of one’s
personal experiences, a true and factual account of varying information
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It includes
autobiography, biography, essay, literary criticism, journal, newspaper,
diary, magazine, etc
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William Wordsworth puts
it as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings in tranquility
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Imagery, symbolism, figurative,
language, rhythm and rhyme
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Lyric Poem refers to short poems which express the personal thoughts or
emotions of the poet
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It is intended to
be sung
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It can be a ballad or an epic
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It can be a
tragedy, comedy, melodrama or tragicomedy
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(It is composed with an easy beginning illustrated in its exposition, a conflict
that holds the problem to be solved in the selection, a concrete theme that
presents the subject matter of the story, some dialog and actions that picture
the rising action and climax, an ends with a resolution
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(they are descriptive, lengthy, subject-oriented and comparative
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It is a prose that has one unit of place, time and
action
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Plot and Structure Plot
it is a reflection of motivation and causation
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Structure
it defines the layout of the work
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Conflict
it is where plot is often created
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Remember that if there is no tension
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External conflict
Is one between a character and an outside force, such as another character,
nature, society, or fate
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This is also called
dilemma, a conflict within or for one person
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Exposition introduces the story’s characters, setting and conflict
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Rising action occurs as complications, twists, or intensifications of the
conflict occur
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Climax is the emotional high point of the story
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4
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5
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It may be happy,
unhappy or indeterminate
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The character is either a
protagonist (“the good guy”) or antagonist (“the bad guy”)
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(Example : a father who is strict
from the beginning to the end of the story)
Round character
is complex, many faceted and has the qualities of real people
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)

Static character
Is character that remains essentially the same throughout
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)
Developing Character
is a character that undergoes a significant change during the story
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(Example : Character: Sonia, the protagonist)
(Characterization – tall, with fair complexion, with long hair, happy, humble,
obedient, studious, etc
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Setting as Place the physical environment where the story takes place
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“what was going on at
that time
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(historical events, social, political issues
of the time)
Effects of Setting creates atmosphere, gives insight to characters, and
provides connections to other aspects of the story
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It is the speaker, narrator, personal or
voice created by the author to tell the story
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•
•
•
•

First Person = I, we
Second Person = you (uncommon)
Third person = He, she, they (most common)
Point of view may be:
- Dramatic/objective = strictly reporting
- Omnisicent = all-knowing
- Limited omnisicent = some insight

Point of View: Omniscient
Theme
is the central idea or message of a story
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Stated themes are directly presented in a story
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Theme: life experience of a child during a calamity like the war

Tone and Style
Tone is the method by which and speakers reveal attitudes or feelings
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Style is the manner in which an author uses words, constructs sentences,
incorporates non-literal expressions, and handles rhythm, timing, and tone
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Vocabulary – choice of words
A
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(“she was sick for a long
time
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Complex words – flexing intellectual muscle (“garages and
cotton gins had encroached and obliterated even the august
names of the neighborhood
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Concrete words – things we can touch, see, etc
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)
D
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(freedom,
heritage, marriage, something
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Syntax – this refers to the arrangement of words, their ordering,
grouping and placement within phrases, clauses, and sentences
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Symbolism creates a direct, meaningful equation between a specific object,
scene, character, or action and ideas, values, persons or way of life
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Contextual (authorial) when they are created by the author and are
private
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Example is: “young
goodman brown” “Juan dela Cruz” “Uncle Sam”
More examples of allegory:
• Fable – it is a story about animals that possess human traits
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• Example: Biblical stories
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• Fantasy – A nonrealistic story that transcends the bounds of known
reality
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(We must FEEL the truth of a story not just understand it
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(Example: why didn’t the chicken cross the road? Because there was a KFC on
the other side)
Nonfiction
is the broadest category of literature, Autobiographies, biographies,
memoirs, letters, essays, speeches and news articles are just a few of the
many types of nonfiction writing
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Like fiction, nonfiction writing can be creative
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Nonfiction is the opposite of fiction
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Gives information
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Nonfiction Text
• There may be chapter titles and section headers that preview
information
• Each page has words in a variety of fonts and type sizes
• Bold and italic fonts may be used to signal important words or
phrases
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Captions or labels must be examined carefully for relevant information
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Look for multi-syllabic words like
“bourgeoisie” which may be difficult to pronounce
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Kinds of Nonfiction
Narrative Nonfiction it tells a story just as works of fiction do
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Memoir a writer also uses the first-person point of view to relate events
from his or life
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Emphasize his or her relationships with other
people of the impact of significant historical events on his of her own life
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Narrative essay a writer may use either the first- or third-person point of
view to relate a true story In a short composition
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1
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Articles that explain the steps in a
process, report the news, or analyze a work of literature are all of
examples of expository writing
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Persuasive essays promote opinion
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(Examples:
editorials and political speeches
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Descriptive essays uses details related to the senses to create mental
images for the reader
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)
Characteristics of Non-Fiction
Works of nonfiction differ from works of fiction in several ways
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The people, events, places and ideas presented in nonfiction are real,
non invented
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Nonfiction is narrated by an author who is a real person
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It presents facts, describes true-life experiences, or discusses ideas
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Nonfiction is written for a specific audience, or group of readers
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Tone, the author’s attitude toward the subject or reader, is displayed
through the writer’s word choice and style
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Style – the way the writer uses the language
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2
...
(you
feel his seriousness, friendliness, personality, sarcasm, happiness, etc
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Perspective – is the point of view of the author
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4
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His purposes may be to
inform, explain, persuade, honor, entertain, and warn
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By looking at the
title and skimming the beginning, you can usually tell whether the work is an
autobiography or a memoir, a biography, an essay, or another type of
nonfiction writing
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If prose is just like talking,
poetry is like singing
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You have to identify the idea or theme that the
writer wants to deliver, his purpose in writing the poem and identify
techniques he used in his poem
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In prose, the
narrator is the speaker but not necessarily the author
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It can also be a fictional person, an animal or a
thing
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(Examples: love, death, time, social satire, humanism etc
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Alliteration – reptition of intial consonant sounds in words
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” Around the rugged
rock, the ragged rascal ran
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(Examples: Glass breaking, I flung out my arms, clatter, clash, crinkle, crunch,
now a broom, swish, swoosh, sweep, swoop, Bang, went the gun! Swoosh
went the basketball through the hoop
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(Examples: I rose and told him of my woe day wane away, is it the amorous
secret of the trees?)
Consonance – reptition of consonant sounds anywhere in the lines
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)
Rhyme is the reptition of the same stressed vowel sound and any
succeeding sounds in two or more words
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End rhyme occurs at the ends of lines
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Rhythm and Meter
is the pattern of sound created by the arrangments of stressed and
unstressed syllables in a line
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Meter is a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, which set the
overall rhythm of certain poems
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Writers create stanzas for a
reason
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A stanza is a group of lines forming a unit
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Couplet
A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem
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Examples:
The flowers are gay
along the highway
Quatrain a four line stanza
Example:
Break, break, break,

on thy cold gray stones, O Sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me
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• Ode – A long stately form written in various stanzas
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• Blank verse – A unrhymed ten-syllable poem
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• Limerick – a five-line rhymed poem that makes fun
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• Epic – A long narrative poem that narrates the life and adventures of a
hero
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Shape poem words are placed to make the shape of an object or ideas
described
Diamond poem
A seven-lined diamond-shaped poem that specifies the part of speech in
each line, sometimes with contrasting ideas
Haiku
A japanese-style poem of three lines, each with a fixed number of syllables
(5,7,5 or 4,8,4) — mainly about nature and feelings
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Most of the time, it refers to
appearance
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”
Figures of Speech
Include simile, metaphor, personification, and symbol that are commonly
used in poetry
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Literal meaning and a
broader, figurative meaning
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His face is a star to me
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Hyperbole is a huge exaggeration
Examples:
“Dan’s the funniest guy on the planet!”
“That baseball card is worth a zillion dollars!”
Symbol “symbolism” is the use of one thing to represent another
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Inversion it is the reordering (inverting) of the usual word order of a
sentence, often placing the subject after the verb as in the lines
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Heavenly hurt, it gives us –
2
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Parallelism is a frequent device in prose as well as poetry
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Feature films can be considered as drama as well as any television
programs
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Playwrights develop a script in the play that includes stage directions to
help actors, directors and readers visualize what is happening on stage
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They also specify details of the stage set such as lightning, props and sound
effects
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In
this lesson we shall discuss the elements of the drama
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They reflect the personality of the
characters
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The playwright further describes a
character when he or she first appears in the play
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Setting
Is the geographical location of the play (story), time period, daily lifestyle of
characters and climate of the story
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Additional details might appear throughout the play
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)
Plot
Is the serial arrangement of incidents, events or ideas
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(in the drama, presents only one location over a brief period of time
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One act
play presents only one location over a brief period of time
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It makes the plot interesting
and intriguing because of the inbuilt conflicts and twists
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External conflict occurs between two men: man vs
...
society
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In
the drama, it is illustrated in the plot and subplots (acts or scenes)
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It is the conversation that
potrays thoughts, emotions and feelings of the characters
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It reflects
innocence, experience, life, death, reality, fate, madness, love, society,
individual, etc
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Point of View
This element that serves as an instrument of the playwright to show his
actions and words are arranged where the audience can draw their
conclusions
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Soliloquy enables the speaker to talk to himself
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Tone
In drama signifies the attitude of the playwright to the story, reader,
characters, etc
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Symbolism
Is an element used by the playwright to effectively show his main point
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Foreshadowing
This element is a hint or clue to suggest what will happen later in the story
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