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information about diseases clearly caused by
parasites
...


- he also recognizes Enterobius vermicularis or
thin worm or sit worm found on the anus

- study of parasitism

- Dracunculus midenensis – a tapeworm that is

- Human Parasitology (1) Protozoology (2)

found in guinea pigs; also known as guinea

Helminthology (3) Anthropology

worms;

transmitted

to

humans

from

contaminated water and raw crustaceans; after
a year of infection it will cause blister on the legs
and eventually ruptures
...
brucei gambiensi - transmitted if bitten by
a tsetse fly



1875 (McConnell)

–

Clonorchis

sinensis

another

type

of

platyhelminths; Chinese Liver fluke
- discovered in asia

- also known as African Sleeping Sickness

-multiplies and affect the liver of the host cell

- it alters the sleeping pattern or coordination
of person infected
...
cruzi – transmitted by a kissing bug



1905 (Logan)

– Schistosoma japonicum in China


1896-1902 (Bruce), 1908 (Chagas)

– trypanosomiasis cause by a protozoan from
the genus TRYPANOSOMA



- known in Asia and Philippines
- also known as Blood Flukes
- multiplies and travels in the veins and blood

1900-1911 (Leishman and Donovan)

– leishmaniasis – cause by a protozoan parasite



from the genus LEISHMANIA

-parasites which cannot survive without any
host

- transmitted by a female a Phlebotomus sandfly

Ex:

- it affects visceral, internal organs, cutaneous

–

it

causes

filariasis;

all

Host: mosquito, humans

nose, mouth or throat
...


- transmitted to humans by eating raw or
undercooked crustaceans
...
)

– Potential sources of human infection
- carries the larval stage of parasite and do not
go further development; if the larval stage go to

HOST – organisms that harbors the parasite;
larger than parasite

a final host by accident they can continue their
growth

- it is an organism where parasite lives on,
multiply and do their sexual or asexual



Paratenic host (transport host): a host
which acts as a transporting agent for the

reproduction

parasite
- do not multiply or there is no development;


Intermediate host: the host harboring the

role is to transport parasite to infect

larvae or asexual stage of parasite

Ex:

- species that supports the development,

reservoir host called Buffalo
...
Toxoplasmosis
-protozoan parasite; genus TOXOPLASMA
GOHDII
- from cat, cat feces
- Manifestation: flu-like symptoms, travel to
the brain, eyes and other organs

Dracunculus Medensis

- causes blindness and damage to the brain
...
Trichomoniasis – trichomonas vaginalis

growth, development and reproduction of a

can be passed through direct contact (sexual

parasite

intercourse) or indirect contact (public toilte)


Direct type/Monoxenous
-

only

require

single

host

specie



- common for helminths; undercooked/raw

e
...
, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, and

foods infected by platyhelminths

- Enterobius vermicularis has a direct host;

ex
...
Schistosomiasis, Amebiasis

- require multiple host specie
e
...
, plasmodium, lymphatic filaria

Food transmission



Soil transmission
ex
...
Plasmodium

-

unicellular,

eukaryotic

cell,

chemoheterotrophic organisms


Inhabit water and soil
- Found in different type of waters (stagnant,



Life cycle



Reproduce asexually by:



Fission – like binary fission (one cell will
elongate and divide into 2 equal daughter

lake, river, oceans, swamps etc
...
The cell will



Cyst - an infective stage, that can survive
outside the host eve without food, moisture,
oxygen, if temperature, are not suitable, and
if there is a presence any toxic chemical
- Transmit to human id undercooked food or
raw food
- Once it inside the body it developed
trophozoites, then it undergoes encystment
to become a cyst again, once cyst is release
thru feces then it can survive in environment
...




Encystment

- Both their digestion happens in the vacuoles,

- The trophozoites will undergo encystment

then the excretion happens in the anal pore for

to become a cyst
...


-

There will be encystment if there is

adverse condition for to survive the protozoa
if lack food, moisture, temperature is not
suitable, and if there is present of toxic

1
...


as it has 2 or more flagella in its structure,

-Encystment is important to protozoan
because thru encystment it able to pass on
the host to host there is a need of cyst, cause

move like whip like manner, lacks mitochondria


animals

if it still a trophozoite most probably it will die
outside in the environment
...



Protozoa are mostly aerobic heterotrophs



Some

protozoa

transport

food



Chilomastix mesnili (intestinal)
- nonpathogenic

across

- a commensal organism in human in gastro

plasma membrane

intestinal tract
– Some protozoa have a protective covering
(pellicle)



- a common protozoan causes diarrhea and

o Ciliates - take in food by waving the cilia

abdominal pain when infected

towards the cytostone
- specialize structure which food enters
o Amoebas - take in food by engulfing the
food by the use of its pseudopods
...
Microspora – lack mitochondria and
microtubules, obligate intracellular parasites

o Flagella


o Ingestion of cyst

Chronic diarrhea and keratoconjunctivitis
(causes blurring of vision)

o Gardiasis – duedenalis/intestinalis

- infects immuno compromise patients (AIDS
patient)

Manifestation: (1) diarrhea that persist for 4
weeks,

(2)

Steatorrhea

(fatty

stool,

excessive flatus/fart and the breath smells

Manifestation: Asymptomatic

like H2S

Treatment: Metronidazole

- Diagnosis: thru identification of cyst in
feces; get a stool sample, observe under
micro, if there is cyst (+)

3
...
falciparum/ Tertian Malaria
- that releases merozoites 36-48 hours



Balamuthia

- deadliest and most common parasite that

- travels to the brain and causes brain

causes malaria

abscesses

-directly

(Granulomatous

amoebic

encephalitis)

enter

liver

cells

to

produce

merozoites, if release infected patient will
have a fever

4
...
vivax
- not directly enter the liver cells to produce

mature form

merozoites

- obligate intracellular parasite (need several

- Dorman Stage: Hyprozoite

host to multiply and reproduce)
-presence of complex of special organelles at



P
...
Malariae/Quartan Malaria

(4) Merozoites develops into ring stage in RBC

- release merozoites every 72 hours

(5) Inside the RBC it will continue to grow and
divide to produce more merozoites

- directly enter the liver cells to produce

(6) Once the merozoites are produced it will

merozoites

break open and release merozoites to
destroy the RBC and the other merozoites

Treatment for Malaria:
-

Quinine

(chloroquine,

will develop into gametocyte

mefloquine,

primaquine) these are use as prophylactic

Sexual Reproduction

drug to prevent infection
...


2 hosts: (1) Female Anopheles Mosquito, (2)
Humans and other animals
Asexual Reproduction – Humans

(1) Anopheles mosquito bite human and release
sporozoites in the blood stream and go to the
liver cells
(2) Inside the liver it will undergo Schizogony to
produce merozoites
(3) Once merozoites are produce in the liver
cell, it will continue to multiply and destroy
the RBC



Exo-erthrocytic Cycle
- the infection of the sporozoites in the liver
cell to produce merozoites




Schizont Cell – liver cells that contains

Treatment:

merozoites

-

Erythrocytic Cycle – the Schizont cell will
break open and release merozoites and will



affect the red blood cell


Atovaquoine + Erythromycin

Sporogonic Cycle -

mosquito produces

Toxoplasma gondii - Involves in domestic
cut in life cycle
- Toxoplasmosis

eggs, ruptures schizons

- infect a person with cat as pets
- a disease infects blood and lymphatic sys

SS: Paroxysms – recurrent intensification of

- dangerous for pregnant women as it

symptoms, the patient can experience chills,

causes congenital infection in uterus or

fever up to 40’C, intense sweating 36-48-72

cause a child brain damage or death of the

hours

baby/vision blurred

Cycle: trophozoites
-

called tachyzoites – which reproduction

is sexually / asexually in infected cat
-

multiply and produced oocyst – contain 8

sporozoites, excreted feces of infected cat
-

pass to human if handled the feces

Diagnosis:
-

tissue examination or serological

Treatment:


-

Babesia microti

Pyrimethamine with Sulfadiazine

- Babesiosis - transmitted by type of tick


name Ixodes scapularis

Cryptosporidium

-

Has reservoir host which is rodent

- no treatment, ORS (oral rehydration salt)

-

Mistaken as malaria which affect RBC

- transmitted thru feces of cows, rodent, cat,
dog

Symptoms:

- a water born disease, nosocomial infection

-

Patient experience anemia

-

-

Common

in

immunocompromised

person

who

are

also

infects

immunocompromised
infections

AIDS
and

patients
gall

or

bladder

-

can lead to death because of dehydration

-

live in the lining of small intestine of

6
...
1
...
Ciliophora



Naegleria fowleri
- Infect child that love to swim in river, ponds,

- Known as ciliates that contain cilia, arrange in

swamp and streams

precise row on cell

- Transmitted by swimming
- Usually move in unison in locomotion

- It infect nasal mucosa and proliferate in the
brain



- Fatal, only diagnosis is after death Balantidium coli

autopsy

- largest protozoan that affect human
- associated with swine reservoir host, therefore

- Naegleria meningoencephalitis

disease from uncooked food
- also it attacks the intestinal ephethelial –
severe by dysentery – a diarrhea associated
with blood
- Ingestion of cyst enter the large intestine which
trophozoites are develop then multiply or
release
...
2
...
donovani - cause visceral Leishmania



Genus Trypanosoma - Trypanosome
release



T
...
: develop after a year
from bite of Phlebotomus sandfly, after

- African trypanosomiasis

they experience chills, sweating like

- Transmitted chichi fly

malaria that spread to liver and spleen
that

Long,

causes

enlargement,

if

- African sleeping sickness

left

untreated death may occur after 1-2
years
...
cruzi



American

trypanosomiasis - known

as

Chagas disease (a cardiovascular disease)
o L
...
Dinoflagellates
o L
...


Visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous
leishmaniasis

diarrhea,

abdominal

cramps,

Symptoms: include dry mouth, slurred speech,
breath short, loss consciousness, death



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