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Write a comparative note on oral cavity and stomach of different groups of vertebrates
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The oral cavity of the vertebrates
is started from mouth to the pharynx which are involved in gathering
and ingesting the foods
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E
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Fishes also possess tongue that bears teeth
which is greatly helpful to hold the prey
...
Frogs and salamanders & reptiles can
speedily project out their tongues to capture the prey
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Lions contain the
strongest tongue for scrapping the foods
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▪ Teeth
Mostly vertebrates have teeth but some vertebrates lack these
structures
...
Cartilaginous fishes’
teeth are the modification of the placoid scales
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The wolves’
canine teeth are used as a ripping the food
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The front teeth of elephants used as weapon and
also work as moving the objects
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▪ Salivary glands
Usually, fishes have no salivary glands in the portion of heads while in
the lampreys possess the pair of glands which secrete the anticoagulant during the feeding time
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Mostly birds, amphibians as well
reptiles have no salivary glands while on the other hand mostly all
mammals contain the salivary glands
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The
esophagus structure connects the oral cavity with the stomach
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Birds who are feed on the seeds and grain contain the
crop which is used as a storage of food for the continuous provide the
food to the stomach & also to the intestine for digestion
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In mostly
vertebrates, stomach is present in the abdominal cavity at its anterior
region
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Stomach of fishes; In fishes, the stomach is largely varied that is depend on
their diet
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Moreover, the stomach is usually muscular
and also elastic for capturing the big preys in mostly carnivorous fishes but
stomach is small in the planktivorous fishes and in omnivorous fishes
because in them the food components are directly moved toward the
intestine
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So, in various fishes the food particles are
digested and also this act in the finger like pouches that is known as pyloric
caeca that releases the enzymes and also absorb the other nutrients
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The stomach is
curved tube and also with broad muscular walls that is about four cm
in length
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The
pyloric stomach is also small that is the posterior region or part
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Some glands release the HCL which are helpful in digestion
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▪ Stomach of reptiles; In snakes, the structure of stomach is like as the
j-shaped organ, helpful for the digestion of food particles
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Then the food move from
pyloric valves to the small intestine
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Carnivorous
reptiles and the herbivore faced many problems for digestion, so the
salivary glands and other organs are helpful in digestion
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Food travel from esophagus and enter into the glandular stomach
where releases the enzymes like as pepsinogen and also the
hydrochloric acid for the digestion
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Mostly all birds have
gizzard while the other species which feed on the insects or fruits, they
may have thin wall gizzard
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On these regions several
glands are also present for digestion
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Rumen is the largest chamber while the reticulum is
smaller than rumen
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The 4-chambered stomach is
helpful in digestion, absorption of the vitamins and also other
nutrients and also involved in the breakdown of proteins
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Food travel from esophagus and then enter into the stomach via the
muscular valve that is known as the lower esophageal sphincter
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Their stomach releases the enzymes and also
the acids which are helpful in digesting the food particles
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References
• Miller, S
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, & Harley, J
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(4th)
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• https://encyclopedia2
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com/Oral+Cavity
• http://people
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edu/ritchisong/342notes7
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onlinebiologynotes

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