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Hepatitis B
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Hepatitis B is an infectious disease that is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
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The disease has been known to be affecting the human race since the Bronze Age, as
evidenced by findings from 4500 year old human remains
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The effects of the disease have been recorded with the earliest record of the disease’s
epidemic being recorded in 1885, after small pox vaccine extracted from lymph of patients
were administered to ship crew at Bremen
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However, despite a lot of research, to this day,
the disease has been a major challenge to the human race (Wang, 2017)
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As well, the paper will discuss the
roles of community nursing in handling the disease, the global implications of the disease,
and how other countries have addressed the disease
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However, in 1966,
Baruch Blumberg discovered the virus that causes the disease
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The virus measuring between 30 and
42nm diameter is considered the minutest of all animal viruses
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The virus is known to be circular in
shape, and is known to be in four forms encoded by genomes called C, X, P and S and is
divided into four serotypes ie, adr, adw, ayr, and ayw (Karayiannis, 2017)
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The different serotypes have different
severities, courses and complication levels
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Mode of Transfusion and symptoms
The disease is easily transmitted between individuals through blood and other blood
containing body fluids
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If interventions are not made in time, there will be about
20% chance of a mother transmitting the disease to their child during birth
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After the disease enters the body, it takes between 30 and 60 days before it begins to
persist and grow to a chronic stage
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Once the virus incubates, it begins
to interfere with the liver through replication of the hepatocytes by binding to the host cell
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During this process, the body immune response causes
hepatocellullar destruction and attempts to get rid of the virus
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CTLs kill the cells that have been infected by secreting cytokines that are used in

getting rid of the hepatocytes
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One of the symptoms of Hepatitis B is jaundice, which is the yellowing of skin and
eyes
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As
well, there may be fatigue, fever, nausea and vomiting
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These symptoms may not manifest until one to
six months after infection, with other people never having any visible symptoms, only to find
out they are sick through blood tests
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One of
the commonest complications is liver cirrhosis, which results from the inflammation that
causes scarring to the liver hence impairing its ability to work properly
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Third, Hepatitis B can completely impair the liver and necessitates its removal (Wang, 2019)
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Diagnosis and Treatment
The best way to deal with Hepatitis B is through avoiding it by all means
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The vaccines are typically administered
to children at birth, with two more doses being administered in within the first few months
after birth
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For example, at the age of 60,
25% of vaccinated people will have lost immunity and can fall sick (Konerman, 2016)
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Acute hepatitis B may not be dangerous at all, as most people can naturally get rid of
the disease
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There is no known
medication that can fully eradicate the disease and therefore medication is aimed at reducing
the possibility of the virus replicating itself and further damaging the liver (Konerman, 2016)
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The type of treatment, whether through injection or through oral means will
depend on the severity of the disease though the use of PEGylated interferon has been
advocated in the recent past, for its effectiveness and convenience for use (Jourdain, 2018)
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Demographics of Interest
Although the disease is not always life-threatening, it present quite a significant threat
to the human population across the world
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This represented 5% of the total
human population, which indicates a reason to worry
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This was an increase from 2016 where 250million people tested positive for the
disease
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5% of the people were
aware of their conditions (Center for Disease Control, 2017)
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As well, because of the ignorance, most of the infections were
through vertical transmission (mother-child transmission)
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As of 2019, China led
in the number of cases with 120 million people, followed by India and Indonesia
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For example, while the disease is mostly transmitted in Africa through vertical
transmissions and sanitation issues, sexual contact is the prevalent transmission in the United
States and Europe (Shire, 2017)
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Reportable Disease
Reportable diseases are diseases are all diseases that are considered to be of
significant public interest and which should therefore be reported to the state in case of their
presence
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There are four major categories of reportable
diseases (Greene, 2016)
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The second include mandatory report through phone-call, such as whooping cough and

measles
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Lastly, cancer reporting involves reporting to cancer centers
across the country
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It is important to find out where to report the cases in the interest of ensuring public
safety
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Moreover, informing the authorities enables the authorities and agencies to make
informed decisions on controlling the disease for posterity
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Social Determinants
The social set up has a role in the spread of the disease
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Mothers in third
world countries may easily transmit the disease to their babies at birth since they know little
about their health status (Kim, 2019)
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Moreover, they may be unable to
visit hospitals as a result of poverty, hence putting the lives of the unborn children in danger
of contracting the disease at birth
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The epidemiological triangle of Hepatitis B

The role of the Community Health Nurse in dealing with Hepatitis B
There are several responsibilities that the community nurse is charged with as far as
dealing with Hepatitis B is concerned
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Secondly, the nurse is charged with finding
out the prevalence of the disease in the community and providing the date to the relevant
authorities for the right action to the taken to curb the further spread of the disease (Sohail,
2018)
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Lastly, the community nurse is at the frontline in
creating awareness to the community on the trends of the disease and what they ought to do
to prevent its further spread
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One such organization is the Center for Disease Control, CDC
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It does this through
collaboration with other health organizations across the country as they administer vaccines,
gather data on the disease demographics and create awareness across the country to help fight
the disease (Center for Disease Control, 2017)
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The impact of the
disease is especially felt in developing countries where there are poor healthcare systems
(Kim, 2019)
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The most significant effect of the disease is

deaths and poverty
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Other Countries’ Address on Hepatitis B
Every country is aware of the implications of Hepatitis B on its citizens and therefore
making every possible measure to curb the disease
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Moreover, the most other countries are relying on the World Health Organization on advice
and means to tackle the challenges associated with the disease
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Over the years, the
disease has had significant impacts on the populations, with over a half million deaths every
year
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It is
therefore necessary that people learn of the disease and how best to deal with the disease
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, Ji, D
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, Shao, Q
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, Liu, J
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(2017)
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Clinical Gastroenterology and
Hepatology, 15(1), 132-136
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, Funk, A
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, & Shimakawa, Y
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Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the
risk of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in sub‐Saharan
Africa
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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The ABCs of hepatitis
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Jourdain, G
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, Harrison, L
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, Khamduang, W
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,

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(2018)
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New England Journal of Medicine, 378(10), 911-923
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, Ma, D
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, Luo, S
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M
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P
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Y
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J
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Incidence of infectious complications is associated with a high mortality in
patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure
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Konerman, M
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, & Lok, A
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(2016)
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Clinics in liver
disease, 20(4), 645-665
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J
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Cure strategies for hepatitis B virus: the promise of
immunotherapy
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Kim, H
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, Yang, J
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, El‐Serag, H
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, & Kanwal, F
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Awareness of chronic viral
hepatitis in the United States: An update from the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey
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Sohail, M
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, Yasin, M
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, & Ahmad, S
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A phenomenological account of social sources,
coping effects and relational role of social support in nursing among chronic patients with
hepatitis
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Chen, S
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, Wang, D
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, Wong, L
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, & Zhao, L
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The hepatitis B
epidemic in China should receive more attention
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Karayiannis, P
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Hepatitis B virus: virology, molecular biology, life cycle and intrahepatic
spread
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Bengsch, B
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M
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Evolution in our understanding of hepatitis B virus virology and
immunology
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Greene, S
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, Peterson, E
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, Kapell, D
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D
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(2016)
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Emerging
infectious diseases, 22(10), 1808

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