Notesale: Turn your study into money

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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY PSY 100 - STUDY MATERIAL & NOTES, APRIL 2020
1
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Psychoanalytic (Freud) – unconscious mind that effects our behavior, childhood & sex
on personality development
b
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Gestalt (Kohler, Wertheimer) – whole experience is the sum of the parts, need all of
consciousness to understand
d
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Cognitive – study cognition instead of behavior
f
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Understand the basic scientific approach as outlined in class, and the important differences
between a true experiment and the correlational approach
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90

May infer that coffee CAUSED an increase in Support for hypothesis but cannot infer Causality
Heart Rate

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William James – functionalism focusing on consciousness not the structure (disagreed
with structuralism), Stream of Consciousness where you may focus on something and
then find yourself thinking of something else
b
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Charles Darwin – evolution, natural selection, no matter what there is normal distribution
d
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James Watson – Little Albert study (scared orphan by putting rat in front of child and then
loud noise behind head to prove that phobias were learned)
f
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What is introspection?
a
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A ​testable hypothesis must be ​disconfirmable or ​falsifiable so that an experiment can either
support it or not
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They make
attempts to disprove anything
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It is always easy to offer an
explanation of any finding after the fact
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By doing this we have equaled the effect of all such ​extraneous variables​
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If we don’t do this, any of those extraneous (third) variables might explain any effect we
observe on the dependent variable and we could not infer causality
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We ​randomly select subjects in some research in order to get a sample that represents a
population of interest
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understand the important difference between ​True Experiments and ​Correlational Studies
and how that relates to causation
True Experiment
1) Randomly Divide Subjects

Correlational Method
1) Measure Two Variables

2) Manipulate the Independent
Variable
3) Measure the Dependent Variable

2) Calculate the Relationship

Example: Mean Coffee gp = 75 bpm
Mean no Coffee gp = 65 bpm

Example: Pearson’s correlation = +
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Study the fields of specialization in the text book,
10
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This led to investigations of individual
differences in people, which led to psychology
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Area under the normal curve (about 34%, 14%, 2%,
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the dependent variable and the independent variable
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independent variable: condition that the experiment manipulates
b
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descriptive and inferential branches of statistics
a
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Graphs, measures of central tendency, measures of variation
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Inferential: using statistical procedures to draw conclusions about the meaning of data
14
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Central Tendency
i
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median/50​th​ percentile – number in the middle
iii
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Spread/Variability
i
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Standard deviation – how far groups lie from average
iii
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What does it mean to manipulate a variable?
16
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17
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95 is still a very
strong correlation
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The weakest correlation would be 0, which is
actually no correlation at all
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Know what a z-score is
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Such conversions allow us to
compare scores that are on different scales with different means and standard deviations or even
different units of measure
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while your z score for weight is
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a
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Understand the ​third variable problem and the ​directionality problem as they relate to
correlational studies
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Third Variable problem: a factor, related to each of the other two, might account for a
relationship between the two factors that does not exist
b
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In the book, read about research methods other than true experiments and correlational
studies
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Case study – in-depth exploration of either single/small group of subjects who are
examined individually
b
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Representative sample is the ideal sample where subjects accurately
represent larger population about which we want to draw conclusions
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c
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Know the lobes of the cerebral cortex and the one thing mentioned in class that happens in
each lobe
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a
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Wernike’s area – understanding language, temporal lobe
c
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Temporal lobe – hearing, auditory cortex (receives information directly from auditory
system), Wernike’s area
e
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Parietal lobe – somatosensory cortex (sensory info about touch, pressure, pain, temp
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Know the ​Primary Visual Cortex (PVC) and the ​Visual Association Cortex (VAC) and what
each region does
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Primary Visual Cortex – geography of visual field retained here (if looking straight at spot in
the back of the room, in your visual clock you see the clock, podium in visual field – all of that
retained in PVC)
b
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There are lots of terms in this chapter
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In college it is not enough to know every term
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Why do certain terms go together? For example, what do
convergence and binocular disparity have in common? Spend some time studying the
organization or outline of every lecture
See perception Chapter 4 notes
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Be sure to look in the book for the several different visual illusions mentioned there
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a
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Muller-Lyer illusion – two vertical lines with arrows on top in different directions the
same length even though one looks longer (p
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Moon illusion – when moon is low on the horizon it looks bigger than when it is
overhead, but it’s really the same size on the retina (size constancy)
d
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130) are equal even though we perceive the
distant one as longer (illusion of perspective)
e
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130) (shape constancy)
f
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Beta waves​ produced when wide-awake
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The ​Hypnogogic​ state occurs between waking and sleeping

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