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PARTS OF SPEECH STUDY MATERIAL & NOTES
A part of speech is a term used in traditional grammar for one of the nine main categories into
which words are classified according to their functions in sentences

Noun
Nouns are a person, place, thing, or idea
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They are capitalized when they're the official
name of something or someone, called proper nouns in these cases
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I love dogs, but I hate cats
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She was a nice women for all that
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Proper nouns - refer to the individual name of a person, place or thing
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Common nouns- are more generalized by comparison, and they can be further divided into
abstract, collective, compound, countable concrete, uncountable concrete and verbal
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They are more generic versions of nouns that refer
only to people
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Everything will be fine; you have to calm down
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He is planning to hide behind the door
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Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, yourselves, and ourselves
Personal: subjective (he/ she, I, you and they); objective (me, you, her/ him, it, them, and us);
Possessive; ( hers/his, mine, yours, its, ours, and theirs)
Relative: whom, that, who, and which
Indefinite: all, any, anybody, everybody, everyone, another
Demonstrative: this, that, these, and those
Interrogative: who, what which, and what
Intensive: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, yourselves, and ourselves
Personal Pronouns
This type of pronoun is used to refer to a person, in this category you will see words such as I,
we, you, they, he, she, …
I have green eyes
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You are my friend
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Subject pronoun list: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
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You cannot judge a tree by its bark
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He studies hard to pass the exam
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Object pronoun list: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
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John will call you soon
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I helped him pull his boots off
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They can also show a sentence
subject's state of being (is, was)
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Examples: run, does, thinks, Jump, Stand
Examples of verb Sentences:
I run faster than David
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She thinks about poetry all day long

Transitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities that relate or affect
someone or something else
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In a sentence with a transitive verb, someone or something receives the action
of the verb
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John punches him
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Intransitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities
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Examples: sneeze, arrived, sat
I sneeze in the morning
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Kathryn sat away from the others
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Common examples of auxiliary verbs
include have, might, will
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I may dance with you later
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Jenny has spoken her final words
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They specify which one, how much, what kind, and
more
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Examples: sleeveless, sparkling
Examples of Adjective Sentences:
Since it’s a hot day, Lisa is wearing a sleeveless
The mountaintops are covered in sparkling
Types of Adjectives
Articles
There are only three articles, and all of them are adjectives: a, an, and the
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For example:
-I’d like a

-Let’s go on an

Possessive Adjectives
As the name indicates, possessive adjectives are used to indicate possession
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Demonstrative Adjectives
Like the article the, demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate or demonstrate specific
people, animals, or things
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These books belong on that
This movie is my favorite
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Coordinate Adjectives
Coordinate adjectives are separated with commas or the word and, and appear one after
another to modify the same noun
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In phrases with more than two coordinate adjectives, the
word and always appears before the last one; for example: The sign had big, bold, and bright
letters
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In the phrase
green delivery truck, the words green and delivery are not separated by a comma because
green modifies the phrase delivery truck
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If and works,
then the adjectives are coordinate and need to be separated with a comma
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You can tell that a
number is an adjective when it answers the question “How many?”
The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six
He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and was sick afterwards
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Like all other types of
adjectives, interrogative adjectives modify nouns
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Which option sounds best to you?
What time should we go?
Whose socks are those?
Indefinite Adjectives
Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-specific things
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The most common
indefinite adjectives are any, many, no, several, and few
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I usually read the first few pages of a book before I buy it
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Attributive Adjectives
Attributive adjectives talk about specific traits, qualities, or features – in other words, they are
used to discuss attributes
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They specify when, where, how,
and why something happened and to what extent or how often
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Basically, a conjunctive adverb is an adverb that acts like a
conjunction; a conjunctive adverb is used to connect two clauses or two sentences together
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However, the store was already closed when I got there
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Instead, you could eat fruit
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By doing so, these
adverbs describe how often something happens
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She never drives on icy roads
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Adverbs of time
Some adverbs tell us when something happens
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Examples
today, yesterday, tomorrow, tonight, soon, later, now, eventually, forever, still, yet, early, late,
recently, since
Examples of adverbs of time used in sentences
We are going to see a movie tomorrow
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Recently, Trevor got a job as a construction worker
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A huge number of adverbs fall under this
type and many of the adverbs formed from adjectives fit into this group
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She bravely rescued a kitten from a tree
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Adverbs of degree
Generally, adverbs of degree describe the intensity of an action or quality
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Examples
very, really, extremely, incredibly, too, quite, barely, deeply, fairly, greatly, hardly, highly,
intensely, somewhat, totally, little, less, least, much, more, most
Examples of adverbs of degree used in sentences
It is really hot in the basement
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He barely knew how to cook at all
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Examples
here, there, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, wherever, on,
off, over, under, away, left, right, north, south, east, west
Examples of adverbs of place used in sentences
I can’t find my keys anywhere
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The lost travelers went north until they found a small town
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They come at the start of a prepositional phrase, which contains a
preposition and its object
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Prepositions of Time
Basic examples of time prepositions include: at, on, in, before and after
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It can get a little confusing though,
as many different prepositions can be used
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I was born in 1982
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However, the rules are a little clearer as
place prepositions are a more rigid concept than time prepositions
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The dogs are in the kennel
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Essentially, they describe how something or someone moves
from one place to another
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Prepositions of movement examples
He has gone on vacation to France
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Conjunction
Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence
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Examples: for, and, nor
Some example sentences using the conjunctions:
I go to the park every Sunday, for I love to watch the ducks on the lake
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I don't go for the fresh air nor for the ducks; I just like soccer
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Articles and
determiners specify and identify nouns, and there are indefinite and definite articles
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It is used when the speaker assumes that the
listener knows what he is talking about
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The phone I told you about is out of stock
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The simple rule of using ‘a’ and ‘an’ in a sentence is
that the ‘an’ is used if the next word starts with a vowel- a, e, i, o, u
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Read the following sentences
A pen on table
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An interesting story
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These words and phrases often carry strong emotions and convey reactions

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