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BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 024
CENTRE FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION
TEACHING OF ENGLISH
B
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I YEAR
(Copyright reserved)
For Private Circulation only
1
Chairman
Dr
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M
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C
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R
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K
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of Education, CDE
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirapplli-620 024
Author
Dr
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Parthiban
Principal i/c
Govt
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1
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2
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2
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English as a National Link Language
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2
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English as an International Link Language
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2
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English as a Library Language
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3
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4
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4
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Aims of Teaching English at the Primary Level
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4
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Aims of Teaching English at the Secondary Level
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Aims of Teaching English at the Higher Secondary Level
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5
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6
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6
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Teaching Listening
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6
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Teaching Speaking
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6
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Teaching Reading
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6
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Teaching Writing
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7
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8
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9
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1
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Hence, the aim of this unit is to
familiarise the students with the importance of learning English as a second language
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Psychology
and linguistics play a major role in language acquisition
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1
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ROLE OF ENGLISH IN THE PRESENT-DAY INDIA
Language is an essential element in the culture of any society
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In the words of Leonard
Bloomfield,
“Community is formed by the activity of language, and speech utterances give us the most
direct insight into its working”
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When English people started ruling India, it is
not clear whether they tried to realize the importance of Indian languages as media to learn and
appreciate the Indian culture but they were very categorical that Indians learn their language for
other purpose
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So, Lord Macaulay thought to teach English to Indian people mainly to produce
cheap clerks
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Now, English has become a part and parcel of people of India
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India is a developing country
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English played a very major role in our fight for freedom
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But again
English only played the role of unifying the freedom fighters from Kashmir to Kanyakumari
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And it is not an
exaggeration to say India is found bondage to English
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Not only in the Supreme Court, but also in the
High Courts and District Courts, the only suitable language is English
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As we say „bad translation of a
good book is a crime‟, attempt to translate the judicial phrases into Tamil will be an uphill task
and sometimes it will render ridiculousness
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In India English is used for international trade and industry
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This itself forces Indian traders to use
English for their business communications
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But, Brexit (Britain Exit) from European Union rendered volatile to both in business and
also to the English language
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In pre-Brexit period English had its telling effect in the European union, either the
business is done through American dollar or European Euro, English did not lose its coveted
place in the international trade and industry
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If the
European union is able to manage their transaction without English, then the coveted place that
English enjoys will definitely be shaken
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If European union is able to withstand in their businesses
without English, then, the words of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru will be disproved as he did not
want to replace English by any Indian language for the possible detrimental effect
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It is taught as a compulsory
subject in almost all the states in the country
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Still English is persistently made a compulsory subject in India
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All PG courses are done through English only
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Moreover, the medium of instruction at the
5
school and higher education should generally be the same
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Though, there have
been many voices to give importance to promote regional languages in place of English, the
importance of English in India is not getting reduced
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English is the most important language in the country‟s national life and educational
system
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English has brought home to us the different developments in the international scene and helped
us in properly understanding the world situations
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1
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1
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English came to India with the British rulers
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But, it didn‟t
happen
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There are
many reasons for this coveted place for English in India
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It is the language of science and technology, commerce,
trade and more importantly it is used for international negotiations
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India, being a land of many languages, requires a common language for communication
between people of different states
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Though Hindi
is our national language, we are not able to declare Hindi as the only official language of the
country for inter-state or centre-state relationship
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There is no other Indian Language that can
solve this problem
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Even some states have made their efforts
to introduce their languages as official language but they could not succeed in their attempt
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6
It is a great concern whether it is good to have more languages and we are disseminated
with the language identity
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We see the worst situation gets erupted in Karnataka and
Tamil Nadu whenever there is a dispute over the release of Cauvery water
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What we cannot achieve by force
can be achieve by words
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It is to cite just
an example and the same disturbing situation is prevailing between the neighbouring states
across India, if not for water problem but for any other reason
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English has been serving as a link language both in international level and national
level
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The
importance of English in international level Prof
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We cannot afford to be isolated even if it were
possible
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We need political, economic and
cultural link with the rest of the world
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We shall, therefore, have to depend on
English for international business and politics and mainly on English for contact with Western
thought and cultures”
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One may startle to know that more than 1500 languages are spoken in India
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Different states are ruled by different Chief Ministers
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To carry out the discussion for an amicable
solution the representatives of these states should have a common language
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The imposition of Hindi as the only official language was vehemently opposed by the
southern states
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Many demonstrations
had prompted the Parliament to enact in 1963, the Official Languages Act, 1963, providing
English to be used for an indefinite period
...
So, the first Prime Minister, Nehru assured
the people of southern states that English would continue to be the Associate Official Language,
until the time the southern states accept Hindi as the only official language
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I am sure it will
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In that event there will be
a gap, a hiatus
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It is very
vital to do so in the interest of the unity of the country
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”
1
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2
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English has become a world language with its spread, defeating all geographical
boundaries
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It is the first language of the United Kingdom, the United
States of America, Canada and Australia
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Pakistan, Ceylon and Bangladesh also adopt English as a
second language in their national life and educational system
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Thanks to the advent of computers
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Pannavaiko informed
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It
is the right testimony for the popularity that English enjoys as a world language
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50% of the world‟s newspapers,
over 50% of the world‟s scientific and technical periodicals and more than 60% of the world‟s
radio stations use English as medium of communication
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There is no language that can come closer to the popularity that English enjoys
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More than 50% of the people of the world
prefer to speak in English
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English helps in establishing international relations
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F
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French says, “ by accidents of history and by rapid spread of industrial
development, science, technology, international trade and by something like an explosion in the
speed and ease of travel and by all the factors which have broken down frontiers and forced
nations into closer interdependence; English has become a world language”
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Because of this great popularity and worldwide distribution,
English has the pre-eminent claim to be the medium of international communication
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So, there is no doubt about the importance of English in world
affairs and it will be to our own advantage if we continue to learn English as a second language
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2
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English as a Library Language
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It said, “While the goal is to adopt the regional languages as media on education, we
should like to stress again that this does not involve elimination of English
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No student should be
considered as qualified for a degree, in particular, a Master‟s degree, unless he has acquired a
reasonable proficiency in English (or in some other library language)
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Higher Education in India is possible only through English, as all worthy reference books
are in English
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Other countries
may afford to translate these books into their vernacular or national language, but India cannot,
with numerous languages present
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India, being a progressive country,
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should eye on its progress in Science and Technology
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Moreover, English is a language which is rich in literature
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So, we should not allow any
sentimental feeling to prevail against the use of English
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English is a rich store house of knowledge
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Hence, it is rightly said, “Whatever the future of English may be in
India, one thing is certain
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Check you progress
Notes: a) write your answer in the space given below
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1
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Establish briefly: 'India is found bondage to India'
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3
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Why is English called a world language?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5
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3
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People
go from one place to other place, frequently, for many purposes
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All the people are not privileged to enjoy this facility
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English is the tool through which we can learn many
things that are existing in the world
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The
various rationales for learning English are listed below
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The nuances of other cultures that include festivals and family functions
Learning the fashion and the life style from the films of other countries
Knowledge about the working of the language
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It paves way to enjoy different opportunities that can contribute individually and
to the country
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Learning the other cultures help us understand and
appreciate our own culture
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1
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POSITIONS OF ENGLISH IN THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM
The objectives of teaching English has two main aspects, namely, language aspects like
words, sentences, pronunciation, spelling and grammar and the other aspect being literature
aspect which include words, sentences, expressing ideas, feelings and experiences
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There is a slight difference between English as a foreign
language and English as a second language
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That way, English has to be taught in India, as a
second language
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It means, they have to provide a proper platform for their students to use
English language in any day- to- day situation
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It enjoys all positions like I
language, II language and III language
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Thus, English is the first language in these schools
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In non-Hindi north Indian states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, West
Bengal, Odiya, their regional language is the first language, Hindi is the second language and
English is the third language
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According to Prof
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The aims of teaching English is to make a student
a) understand English when spoken
b) speak comprehensible English
c) read English and comprehend the content
d )write English with logical cohesion
e) can translate from English to vernacular language and vice versa
1
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1
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English is spreading its wings far and wide of the globe
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Increasing
number of users of English is a testimony to its importance
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Considering the benefits that we get from English, it is mandatory for
the people of India, especially, right from the primary level, to learn English
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There is no field in the world which is not
penetrated by the use of computer
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In Indian system of school education primary students are expected to take at least five
subjects
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To acquire knowledge to read English, at least simple words
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To produce simple statements
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To identify the objects by their names
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13
To write English legibly and practice the four styles of writing
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4
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Aims of Teaching English at Secondary Level
To understand spoken English with ease and to understand English from
broadcasting
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To read English comprehension at a reasonable speed
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To be engaged in conversation in English
To write neatly and correctly at a reasonable speed
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1
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3
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To understand English with ease when spoken at normal conversational speed
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To gain ability to understand English from the native speakers and to respond
reciprocally
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To be able to convey one‟s thought and feeling to be understood by others
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To be able to use reference materials like dictionary and thesaurus
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To develop aesthetic sense through poems in English
To understand advertisement and apply for higher studies and for job
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To be familiarized in the stress and intonation patterns of English
To be able to answer any open-ended questions in examinations and express all the
thoughts and feeling in English
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5
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English came to India with the
British
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The question arises whether English should be
taught as a foreign language or as a second language
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We learn any
language of other countries as a foreign language
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On learning a foreign language, learner will not have
the chance to use the language in his life situation
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So, he learns French as a foreign language
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So, on learning a second language, the learners
should be able to use the language in all his life situations
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The very basic objectives of teaching English
are to prepare the students to use English globally, in other words, to use English in all situations
that we encounter
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Official Language Commission recommended that English should primarily be taught as
a ‘language of comprehension’
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This
should lead to concentrate on other language skills
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That way, all the four language skills reinforce each other
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As all the reference books are in English and if we
want to develop in Science and Technology and other branches of emerging importance, learning
English has become a paramount objective
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Literature
is the main source that can satisfy our aesthetic demands
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So,
English literature should be learnt, as it is the ultimate objective of learning any language
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L
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Hill said, “A student
15
cannot appreciate the distinctive qualities of the poetical style of a foreign language unless he has
a thorough grounding in the everyday language
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Translation would come
in handy in classroom situations, such as, in giving the meaning of words which have exact
translation equivalent in both the languages
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Poetry will develop a favourable attitude towards the language
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1
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TEACHING THE COMMUNICATION SKILLS
There have been many methods and approaches to teach English as a second language
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Then there was a shift in approach
to teaching of English which emphasized developing communication skills in English
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The very purpose of language learning is to communicate
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Linguistic system in the target language is learned best through the process of
struggling to communicate
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The very aim of teachers in developing communication skills in students is to help them in any
way to work that motivates them to work with the languages
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Students are expected to communicate
with their peer group in English
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Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing
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6
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Teaching Listening
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We say, LSRW
skills when we refer language skills
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Any language that is learnt in this order, that language is learnt properly
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In the case of learning English as a second language most of our even degree
holders miserably fail, because our approach to learning English is not the one that is tried and
tested, that is LSRW
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Thus, following reverse method of learning a language
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Teachers of English should formulate
activities that can develop the learners‟ listening skills
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The language that is used, not rehearsed
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So, it is difficult for the beginners
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Recorded Listening Materials
Unlike Authentic Listening Materials, Recorded Listening Materials have been prepared
with specific aim and for specific set of learners
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The students have to solve the worksheets on listening script
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These types of cassettes or
CDs are called Recorded Listening Materials
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As the teacher himself asking the
piece, he can approach to the listening activity with keeping the level of the students in his mind
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The
teacher has to possess pronouncing skills with right kind of voice modulation and proper
intonation
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It would be an improper
17
boldness on the part of the teacher which he should avoid
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No learning is better than wrong learning
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But the process is not
as easy as it seems
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Our ears are not properly educated to listen and understand a foreign
language
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Relying totally on the textbook to
the acquisition of a foreign language generally adults in imperfect command of the language
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Selective Listening' is one of the techniques that will promote
auditory sensitiveness and assimilative capacity
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The general principles
of selective listening are:
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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We can consider the language under three main features, namely, 1) phonetic features,
2) vocabulary, and 3) grammar, the order of preference also can be the order mentioned above
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It should
be the intonation that should first attract one's attention
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When the listener is able to distinguish a few set of striking
consonants, then he can shift his attention on vowels
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After learning to distinguish various individual sounds, he has to
listen for types of sounds, e
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, aspirated consonants, voiced vs voiceless and long vowels vs
short ones
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Listening and Following a Route
In this exercise, a root map is given to the students
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The tape script has the description of a place and the route to
reach the place
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2
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So, it is mandatory on the part of the
teacher to train the ear of the students to listen and understand a telephone conversation
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Students should listen to a telephone
conversation and write the message of it
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Listening to a recipe and complete the write up
A chef may give tips to prepare a food item
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They have to listen to the tape script and complete the write up
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Listening to a tape script and identifies the kidnapper
A girl was kidnapped
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The tape script contains the
interview of a police inspector with the boy who had seen one of the kidnappers
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One of them is one of the kidnappers
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The teachers of English should prepare the students to recognise the characteristics of
English speech sounds, in isolation as well as in combination
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They also should understand
the lexical meanings of words in context and grammatical meanings of structures
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The
learners also should anticipate words and structures from the context for understanding speech at
normal conversational speed and guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word from the context
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19
1
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2
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Language is primarily speech
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But no language exists without speech
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Learning through
speech is the natural way of learning a language
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Producing English speech sounds and sound patterns, both in isolation and in
combination
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Ability to use appropriate stress and intonation patterns
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Use apt words and structures to express the intended meaning
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Retrieve or recall words and structures quickly
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Organise one‟s thoughts and ideas in logical sequence
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Ability to adjust one‟s speech according to his audience, situation and subject-matter
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Familiar
roles should be chosen to practice oral skill
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The roles may be, a police and a thief, a passenger
and a conductor, a doctor and a patient, etc
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For example, if the students have to play the role of a
doctor and a patient, then the teacher has to give the problem of the patient
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surgery with much sophisticated
machines used for surgery
Debate: Debate is one of the exercises that involves all the students in the class and it is the main
means of developing oral skill
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First, a suitable topic should be chosen
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Then, the appointment of office bearers for conducting the debate also should be finalised
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Remaining 36 students should be divided into six balanced groups
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And in each group, a leader should be
chosen, who will initiate the discussion in his group
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A speaker for the
group also be chosen, who will present their group's discussion to the entire class
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And thus,
Total No
...
of office-bearers
: 03
No
...
of Students in a Group
: 06
On the fixed date of the debate the Chairman invites some judges (teachers who free at
that particular period) and initiates the debate
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Speakers are called to present their group's point of view
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Seminar: Seminar is the other means through which oral proficiency can be attained
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If teacher gives, the topic should be given in
line with the level of the students
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Seminars should be interesting
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Group Discussion: Participating in a group discussion is the need of the hour for the job
seekers
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Group Discussion requires a quick perception on the topic
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Cooperative Learning is getting momentum now-a-days
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Pair Work: Pair work is another technique that develops oral skill
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A task is given to them
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The English
teacher can even request the class teacher to make seating arrange that will facilitate pair work
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Story telling
is an interesting enterprise for the students
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Language Games: Language Games motivate the learners to learn English
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The teachers should have exposure to
conduct games to improve the language of his students
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Narrating Incidents: Students can be asked to narrate some incidents that they witnessed
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The teacher has to supply the word if the student requires any
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But he
has to ensure that he does not interrupt quite often which will make the student to lose interest
and may pay a disheveled approach towards narrating incidents
...
Students have to analyze and interpret the rise and fall of the import of the chosen
item
...
They have to
describe the picture quite vividly
...
Interviews: Students can be trained to acquaint with the aspects of interviewing
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This would be quite interesting and the students can develop their speech skill very easily
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Students are expected to have at least a little knowledge on familiar topics
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22
1
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3
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In India,
English is taught as a second language mainly on academic grounds
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As a library language, it helps a student in India to get an access into the modern
scientific and technological world
...
6
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What are the language skills of illiterate? Why are they called so?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8
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What is the interference in learning a second language?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
person
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W, Frisby says, "Reading, for those who have
been guided to appreciate it, is one of the most important activities of life to bring to us not only
a pleasant way for spending the time, but a way of entering into the life of the world and helping
us to contemplate spiritual matters
...
23
R
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Trivedi and D
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Ghanchi say, "In fact, the education of a child is imperfect, unless
he is equipped with ability to read, to decipher, to interpret and to understand the contents of a
reading material: The intellectual advancement of a child is strictly limited, if he is unable to
read
...
Mechanics of Reading
When a person reads anything his eyes do not go smoothly along with the printed or
written symbols
...
The short pauses of the eyes between jumps are called Fixation and the length of print covered
between two fixations is called the Eye-Span
...
A good reader
has longer eye-span and a poor reader has a shorter eye-span
...
After all, reading is comprehension
...
In some way it is correct
...
So, you can understand
better
...
The Process of Reading
The process of reading has three stages
...
24
Spelling and
pronunciation will be difficult if the script of the mother and English
...
Moreover, English being a non-phonetic language, we find it difficult in
learning English spelling and pronunciation
...
At this stage the learners is able to
identify the grammatical relationships of the items and thereby understands the structural
meaning of the grammatical units
...
At this stage the learners are able to
distinguish between a „statement of fact‟ and a „statement of opinion‟
...
As the learners are able to analyse and
the content beyond the lexical meaning, it is called „interpretation stage‟
...
The pupils have more opportunities to learn the aspects of the
language through intensive reading
...
Intensive reading can also be done in the absence of the teachers
...
And, the only practicable means of
learning a foreign language as a second language is through intensive reading
...
Extensive Reading
In intensive reading, the pupils pay attention to almost all aspects of language
...
Extensive
readers should be interesting stories
...
The two main themes of extensive reading are reading for
pleasure and reading for information
...
pupilstutor
...
And it also consolidates
active vocabulary
...
Sending the students to library can be done as a means of assertive
punishment also
...
Group
discussion also can be done on extensive reader
...
He takes up this work as an oral lesson in functional grammar
...
He has to ensure that he teaches the words and
structures with interesting illustrations contextually
...
The teacher gives all necessary information that
will facilitate to understand the text while reading
...
If the passage to be taught is the continuation of the previous class, then
the teacher has to make the students to recall what they learnt in their previous
class
...
He reads out the passage with correct
pronunciation, stress, intonation and pause
...
Step IV:
Pupils read the passage silently
...
Step V:
When the pupils complete silent reading, detailed study of the passage is taken up
...
Step VI:
The teacher recapitulates in order to check the understanding of the pupils on the
passages taught
...
Step VII:
Post-reading session
...
26
Step VIII:
Loud Reading by the pupils
...
It is a wrong method, because, pupils should not be allowed to
read aloud anything which they do not understand
...
Skimming is a reading skill that
helps on deciding whether the book would be useful for the purpose of his study
...
The reader has conscious efforts while skimming through leaving quite
meticulously the unwanted ones and concentrating on the main ideas in the text
...
Skimming depends on speed and comprehension
...
Scanning
Scanning means reading through the passage in order to search for a specific item or
piece of information
...
Scanning also requires a conscious speed
...
When you scan you are conscious of avoiding all the other words however important they are,
and your main purpose is to locate the specific information you require
...
SQ3R Technique
Teaching of English aims at making the learner to be an independent reader
...
To become an efficient
reader he has to possess some study techniques
...
A skilled reader is not a passive recipient of
what the writer wants to say
...
For example, take Robert Frost, an American poet
...
We get a treasure of meaning from his poems
...
The more you
the poem, the more interest you have on it
...
A complete reading involves reading, understanding, reacting and integrating
...
So, the
teacher has to prepare his students as active readers
...
Such a study technique is SQ3R technique
...
Robinson has developed this technique
...
What does SQ3R stand for?
S - Survey
Q- Question
3R- Read, Recite and Review
Survey: Survey means, the rapid glancing over the book that the reader intends to read, for
assessing the book
...
Surveying as a technique is applied in reading also
...
This
enables the reader to have a prior understanding of the text before starting up reading
...
Question: The next step is questioning
...
The more questions that are asked on the headings
and subheadings the better insight that the reader gets on the text
...
This stage is also before taking up reading
...
The next stage is whilereading stage
...
With proper
surveying and questioning, now, he will even be able to anticipate what may come next
...
It may to his classmates
...
Reciting facilitates better recalling and a powerful means for retention
...
That way
reciting is very useful to present the point in sequential order and an aid for retention
...
Review means periodical revision
of the things that are learnt
...
So, the reader has to review the items that are read
...
Post-reading facilitates understanding the text critically
...
Higher
education mostly depends on taking the running notes
...
Note-taking is a study skill which can be nourished
among the students encouraging them to take notes from the lectures in schools and colleges and
speeches of eminent personalities
...
If this habit is groomed it will benefit the students from last hour
tension for examination
...
And that can
give a lot of information
...
Finally, they will prepare a brief summary of the notes have taken
...
They should also be trained
to describe a bigger event in a nutshell
...
Note-making will sharpen their concentration
...
6
...
Teaching Writing
The Purpose of Writing
Writing is one of the productive skills of language, the other one being, speaking
...
To put it precisely, to some extent the speakers have license to make mistakes in using the
language as their mistakes cannot be authentically proved to others in all cases
...
So, the
language users, while using the writing skills, have to be doubly cautious
...
So, whatever is written, should
be written very clearly
...
Intelligibility in oral
communication can distinguish the good pronunciation from bad pronunciation
...
In oral communication, with intonation, gesticulation and facial
expression, the targeted meaning can be conveyed properly
...
In our educational system, writing plays a prominent role mainly in examinations
...
Considering this fact, teachers should take all measures
in developing good handwriting
...
Only when they hold
the pen properly, they will be able to make a good Writing
...
English alphabet are produced with anticlockwise movements, whereas
it is clockwise in Tamil
...
Any other type will have
different form and this will confuse the students
...
And in print Script also, it is advised to use only capital letters,
30
first
...
c) Cursive Script:
While teaching Cursive Script the teacher has to keep in his mind types of joiners,
namely, bottom joiners, do not joiners and top joiners
...
Bottom Joiners
a
c
d
e
h
i
k
l
m
j
p
q
r
s
x
y
v
w
n
u
eg
...
Box, razor
Top Joiners
f
o
eg
...
At this level, students seek the help of
teachers
...
Teacher relies on
this composition till he is satisfied with the performance of his students
...
If this
inhibition period is over, then the students have confidence on them to attempt to any
composition work
...
The teacher should prefer to write the spelling on tile blackboard of difficult words
...
31
Example for Guided Composition
...
Noun
Question
Answer
1
...
It is in village
...
How old is your school?
2
...
Years old
...
Does it have a boundary wall?
3
...
4
...
The name of my school is ……
...
How many teachers are there in your school?
5
...
Free
Composition:
Teacher's intervention in totality is not expected in Free Composition
...
This, unlike, in Guided Composition, the students are not
provided with vocabulary, structure and ideas
...
In many cases most of the Free composition may not be up to
the expectations
...
He can outwardly discuss the aim of writing that particular composition
...
Students require
a good command of English to attempt to write a Free Composition, But students may not be
much comfortable early classes
...
Any writing should have grammatical and logical sequences
...
So, the intervention
of the teacher even in carrying out Free Composition exercises is mandatory
...
The teacher who carries out a Free Composition exercises
should have thorough knowledge on the subject matter of the writing
...
That means, the students may ask any unexpected question related to topic
...
Otherwise, the teacher will happen to reveal his ignorance to his own students
...
Students can be
advised to write something daily on any familiar situations
...
If they spend more time on
searching for ideas, their aspiration for language learning will go down
...
Even their writing need not be corrected by others
...
So, they have enough
opportunity to produce some writing on their own and correct them by themselves
...
Peer group Assessment: Mostly students are quite comfortable with their peer group
...
The entire class should be divided into meaningful groups
...
These leaders of each group will correct the write up of the students in their groups
...
Devising a Marking Code: Teachers can devise a marking code, so as to maintain uniformity in
correction
...
IR
=
irrelevant
NR
=
not required
Ww =
wrong word
DICTATION
Dictation is not only a testing device to judge the spelling, but also it a is teaching
technique
...
For example, (1) It trains the ear of pupils and they are able to associate the sound
with spelling, (2) Pupils are able to learn punctuation marks through dictation
...
(4) It gives practice in writing the letters of
the alphabet
...
The teacher can keep a topic in his mind
...
After completing dictation, the
teacher can ask the students to write a paragraph with the words dictated
...
1
...
LET US SUM UP
English has become part and parcel of people of India
...
-
It is a library language
-
It is an international language
...
8
...
register
:
the technical terms used in any particular field is the
register of that field
SQ3R method
:
Survey, Questioning, Read, Recite and Review
Aural-oral skills
:
aural skill is pertaining to hearing, oral is to speaking
Graphic-motor skill
:
using visual and psychomotor organs
Psycho-linguistics
:
study of the mental faculties involved in language
acquisition
Bilingualism
:
using two languages
34
1
...
ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
1
...
He has to
depend on the library books
...
So English
is called a Library Language
...
India is benefited more from English than what English language is benefited from
India
...
3
...
Ours is the land of many languages
...
So we
need English as an Associate Official Language for inter-state and centre-state
communication
...
English is the only language that is spoken in almost all countries
...
It is the language of the world trade
...
5
...
Remaining 27
countries decided not to use English for their communicative purposes
...
6
...
7
...
Because these two
skills can be used even by the illiterates
...
English is called a skill subject as it is more of 'doing' than 'of 'knowing'
...
That way English is called a skill subject
...
While learning a second language, the learner always compares the structures and
meanings with the mother tongue
...
This is called 'interference' in learning a
second language
...
1
...
2
...
2
...
Learning a Language
...
2
...
Second Language Pedagogy
...
2
...
Language as a Rule-governed Behaviour
...
2
...
Language as a Skill
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
6
...
Interference and Transfer from the Mother Tongue on Learning a Second Language
...
6
...
Implications for Teaching Methods
...
7
...
8
...
9
...
1
...
And in this
unit we are going to get acquainted with the contribution of Psychology and
Linguistics in language learning
...
Learning of mother tongue takes
place quite naturally
...
Everybody in
the society is a teacher for him
...
The mold he has on his mother tongue will always act as an obstacle to the lemming of
second language
...
Learning a second
language is creditable rather an accomplishment
...
People, who are in
the same environment, unlikely to attain the same level of proficiency in second language
...
So, psychology being the study of behaviour, activities, conduct and mental processes of
human beings it is to assume a close link between psychology and language
...
McCarthy says language development
in early stages happens, through 'nature' and 'nurture'
...
Cameroon viewed that social roles of language development were taken not of as much as
the emotional growth of the individual
...
These theories came out under the result of man is in a unilingual environment
...
Then emerged Psycholinguistics studies
...
Apart from these theories of language learning, there are other theories which
contributed to language learning
...
It says that if the child
has strong mental ability alone will be able to acquire the language, we cannot totally agree with
both the theories
...
So, language acquisition may not be full
...
So, for better acquisition of language, one should satisfy both Behaviourist Theory and also
Cognitivist Theory
...
And it is classified into two:
1) to determine some basic assumptions like, a) language is speech, b) language is system, c)
language has variety, (d) language has changes
2) to refine methods of collecting and classifying facts
...
Linguistics grew as a body of knowledge and
understanding concerning the nature and functioning of human knowledge, The first period of
linguistics was obviously devoted to the exploration of genetic relationship between languages
...
The second period began with the
findings of phonological explorations
...
The findings of the linguistics research are:
1) Languages keep on changing
2) Theses changes happen consciously
...
'
4) Dialect differences and their promotion to become standard language are felt from
linguistic history and linguistic geography
...
6) No two languages share the exact meaning of a particular word
...
9) A foreign language learner needs a different outfit
...
Till 19th century
researches were focused on the learning theories of a single language
...
Among the languages with bilingualism every language contributed something to the other
language
...
Check your progress
1
...
Mention any two important findings of linguistics research
...
2
...
Two main theories of language learning are „Cognitivist Theory of Language
Learning‟ and „Behaviourist Theory of Language Learning‟
...
Behaviourists believe that the
language is a habit
...
They argue that
when the child has the privilege of acquisition-rich-environment, then the child automatically
learns the language
...
If the child has a strong mental ability, then, it is bound to acquire
better language skills
...
It should not travel as the two
lines of the railway tract which never meets
...
If only habit formation is necessary for language learning and the
mental ability of the children is immaterial, then, there is a question, if we put a mentally
retarded child in a family of more members where more opportunities are there to learn the
language, will the child learn the language with all its mental disability
...
Again, only mental ability is necessary for language learning the habit formation is
not much need, then, put a highly intellectual child in an isolated place where the child will not
get any chance to listen to the language, will the child learn the language will all its highly
mental ability
...
2
...
1
...
Language is needed for all the people irrespective of their status
...
Language is a means of communication
...
It is considered a means
of social control
...
Language is part and parcel of our
life
...
If no language then the progress of
mankind will be blocked
...
Habit
formation is necessary for language learning and using
...
40
The process of
establishing the link between the forms and meanings are three, namely, (i) the form, (ii) the
meaning and (iii) their association
...
The speaker of the language is conscious of the words he uses and form meaningful
sentences that can make the listener understand
...
Language has three functions
...
The second function of the language is expressive, where we
express our feelings, emotions and our opinions
...
So, for meaningful life we require language
...
2
...
Second Language Pedagogy
Language skills are acquired by practice
...
Where the child goes, it gets the chance to learn the language and whoever it
meets becomes the teacher of the language
...
Apart from the scope that the child gets in learning the mother tongue, it is the urge that
the child has to use the language for its basic needs
...
In the case of English as a second language, these natural resources are not available to
the learners
...
For many, only the English classrooms
are the places to learn the language
...
The role of second
language teachers is manifold
...
A great threat to second language learning is the pull of mother tongue
...
He is tossed between
the verbal signaling system of both mother tongue and the second language
...
Pronouncing in second language is difficult
as his ears are accustomed to listen to the first language
...
This forces him to replace the sounds of the
second language with the similar sounds of his mother tongue
...
This tendency to replace the sounds and structures of the second language with
those of the mother tongue is known as „the pull of the mother tongue‟
...
This transfer is either positive or negative
...
2
...
3
...
It is proved by some psychological tests of „conditioned learning‟ through
stimuli and responses in animals
...
We have seen „behaviourists‟ theory‟ and „cognitivists‟ theory‟ of language learning
...
A
parrot can be trained to speak but how far it will change its learning to use it in different
situations
...
But, as a child picks up the system
is, capable of using the substitution
...
We cannot determine the number of sentences possible in a sentence
...
There are more situations that may arise by some means, especially with the coinage of new
words go in a faster pace
...
Many new patterns of sentence have been coming, though we know there are 5 basic sentence
patterns
...
42
The assimilation of these patterns of grammar takes place in „critical period‟ of learning
...
This critical period lies between two years and adolescence
...
Check your progress
3
...
Define Rule-Governed Behaviour
...
2
...
Language as a Skill
Language is authentically called a „skill‟ rather than a „subject‟
...
It is more of „doing‟ than of „knowing‟
...
The next, the child tries to reproduce the sound
sequences to express its thoughts and feelings and thus, acquires the skill of speaking
...
After speaking, as we want all our children are literate, we introduce the skill of reading
and the skill of writing
...
Finally, the language learners need to acquires the
skills of writing
...
2
...
TEACHING THE COMMUNICATION SKILLS – LISTENING, SPEAKING,
READING AND WRITING
Refer – 1
...
1
...
6
...
, 1
...
3
...
6
...
43
2
...
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE SKILLS
Listening and reading are passive skills
...
Speaking and writing are
active skills
...
These language skills can be grouped in
other way also
...
These skills are dramatically
presented here:
Skills
Productive
Receptive
(Active)
(Passive)
Speaking
Writing
Listening
(Skills of Expression)
Reading
(Skills of Comprehension)
Fig1
...
2
From the diagram above, it is clearly understood that the skills cannot be grouped under
one category
...
5
...
As the entire world is webbed in the utility of computer, the language
skills in English has become a paramount importance
...
Governments are busy establishing Language Laboratories in educational institutions and
different councils like British Council and Cambridge ESOL have been launching many
programmes in developing language skills in English in the students
...
Language is often called a skill subject rather than a knowledge subject
...
Content is given more prominence in
these subjects
...
Rote memory is given prominence, whereas
English is a skill subject
...
In learning the mother
tongue, the first skill that a child acquires is the ability to understand the spoken word - the skill
of listening
...
For an illiterate person, these two basic skills
constitute his language ability
...
These skills are
classified as passive skills and active skills
...
Speaking
and writing are active skills
...
Listening and Speaking are called Aural-oral Skills
...
The strategies for teaching English should be based on considering it as a skill subject
...
Pupils do not have acquisition-rich environment
for learning English
...
Skill subjects are those areas in which the learners need to
develop a set of skills to learn anything at all
...
Curriculum in English should ensure that the learners are given enough opportunities develop
these skills
...
One of the four
characteristics of testing is Validity, which means whether the question paper tests the objectives
45
of teaching
...
But, it is not followed up in the testing pattern
...
We can develop language skills in English in the learners or teaching English as a
skill subject but we can be successful in these attempts only when the teachers‟ attempts in the
classrooms are supported by the good set of question papers that demand skills in English to get
promoted to the next level
...
6
...
In Indian
context leaning English as a second language is an artificial process
...
The social situation prompts the children to
learn the mother tongue
...
He is continually
surrounded by mother tongue and he doesn‟t have any interference in learning the language
...
Everybody he meets is a teacher of his mother
tongue
...
Learning English as a
second language has different set up
...
Learning a second language is a painful process and it requires a lot of practice
...
The teacher has to feel the importance of situation to learn English as a second language and
accordingly design the activities that can develop language skills in English in his students
...
6
...
Interference and Transfer from the Mother Tongue on Learning a Second Language
Learning a foreign language as a second language is a fascinating one
...
Many studies
have been carried out to find out the factors that promote or interfere in learning a foreign
language
...
Apart from this, learning of mother-tongue takes place in a very natural way
...
They are provided with acquisition-rich
46
environment
...
Everybody in the
society is a teacher
...
Listening and speaking
are learnt at home and then, the child is sent to school for learning, reading and writing of the
language
...
Robert Paul
says:
“when learn our first language, we face the universe directly and learn to clothe it with speech;
when we learn a second language, we tend to filter the universe through the language already
known”
...
Learning English as a second
language is an artificial process
...
He says: "
...
But the foreign language learner,
whether school-child or adult, is at a disadvantage compared with the infant in so far as he has
many other things to do, has sometimes little urge to learn, encounters the language he is
learning only at intervals, and finds the native language habits in continual conflict with those
needed for the new language
...
Therefore, whenever he wants to express something in the second language, he has to
keep the habits of the first language in check in order to produce the new sounds and structures
...
His ears have become accustomed to the
sounds of his mother tongue, is not able to produce the distinctive sounds of the second
language
...
His conscious attempt at arranging words
into syntactic patterns results in literal translation, and when the patterning in the two languages
differs, he produces ungrammatical structures
...
In
psychological
terms,
this
phenomenon
is
known
as
TRANSFER
...
In those matters in which the two
languages do not differ, the habits of the first language will help in the learning of the second
...
But in the areas where the two languages
differ, the effect will be the opposite
...
This is
called 'negative transfer' or INTERFERENCE
...
In the case of
pronunciation, the 'pull' is so great that it is almost impossible for a second language learner to
acquire the pronunciation of the native speakers of the language
...
b) Compare your answers with those given at the end of the unit
...
What is Rote memory?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2
...
2
...
The area where English has importance
is constantly increasing
...
There are many implications in teaching of English
1
...
There are many inhibitions
for them in learning English
...
When they gain confidence, it will be easy for them to learn English easily
...
While maintaining the standards gradually assessments also
should be done to check their progress
...
Evaluation of Teacher and pre-service Teacher Effectiveness
...
To impart good English education, the teachers have to be fully equipped
...
48
In many cases, it is the wrong method and sub-standard teachers who cause fear in the
mind of the students in learning English
...
Teacher qualities have to be groomed in the training colleges itself
...
Increased participation in the Teacher Quality Conversation
English teachers have to be competent enough to use the language aspects in
English
...
Easily comprehensible words should be used in the class
...
English is a non-phonetic language
...
The teacher has to initiate a quality conversation in whatever
the task that the teachers take up for teaching
...
Preparing English Teachers to be Teachers of Literacy
...
5
...
Technology is not meant only for the science teachers
...
So, English teachers
have to be technology-savvy
...
English Language Learners
The success of English language teaching depends on the readiness of English language
learners
...
They have to set target for the teachers, so that reciprocal competition will be initiated in
teaching and learning
...
7
...
8
...
Cognitivist Theory
: the language learning theory which says that the learning of a
language depends language learning on the mental ability of the
individual
...
9
...
Age, motives and drives, native skills, intelligence, auditory memory span, readiness to learn
and emotion
...
i
...
ii
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
50
UNIT – III
STRUCTURE
3
...
METHODS, APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
TEACHING (ELT)
3
...
1
...
1
...
a
...
3
...
1
...
Direct Method
...
1
...
c
...
West‟s New Method
...
1
...
d
...
3
...
2
...
1
...
a
...
3
...
2
...
Communicative Approach
...
1
...
c
...
3
...
2
...
Eclectic Approach
...
2
...
2
...
2
...
2
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
1
...
1
...
Methods:
The methods of teaching determined by the aims for which it is taught
...
If the aim of learning English is to know the information, then Grammar Translation Method is
more appropriate
...
English is learnt for many purposes
...
West‟s New Method will help
...
We need to
employ different methods and approaches to achieve this aim
...
1
...
a
...
When English was introduced in 18th century, as Indians were not in know about of English,
English could be not given to them directly
...
It was easy for both teachers and students as the teacher‟s translating every word,
phrase and sentence from English into their mother tongue, the students were able to assimilate
English phraseology through the medium of the mother tongue
...
The structures of the foreign language are compared and contrasted
with those of the mother tongue
...
Translation interprets foreign words, phrases and sentences in the best possible
manner
...
In this process of interpretation foreign words, phrases and sentences are best
assimilated
...
The structures of the foreign language are best learnt when compared and contrasted
with those of the mother tongue
...
It is an easy method
...
The vocabulary and the language using ability in mother tongue
helps the learners to learn English easily
...
It helps in building vocabulary
...
As this method avoids
difficult definitions or lengthy explanations, the learners are able to grasp the exact
meaning of words
...
The Teacher is comfortable
...
He doesn‟t need to think of the ways and means to explain new words even
without using audio-visual aids
...
Comprehension is easily tested
...
5
...
English grammar is taught very easily by
comparing it with the grammar of the mother tongue
...
It is an unnatural method
...
But in Grammar Translation Method the
learning process is started from reading and writing which is unnatural
...
2
...
Language is speech
...
But, no language exists without spoken form
...
3
...
The Grammar Translation Method doesn‟t give any
room for pattern practice
...
4
...
As there is no speech and pattern practice, habit
formation is not possible in this method
...
The students
never practice to think in English
...
5
...
Each language has its own uniqueness
...
So, exact
matching of words in these two languages is not possible
...
Even if it is done the result
will very ridiculous
...
Rule governed learning
...
It is not possible to learn
any language by learning its rules
...
Ballard, “To speak any
language, whether native or foreign entirely by rule, is quite impossible
...
Students are not active
...
So, they don‟t develop any language skills
...
It is uninteresting
...
Instructional aids are not used to make lessons interesting
...
3
...
1
...
Direct Method is the result of failure of Grammar Translation Method vis-à-vis in making
the students to have practical command over English
...
The basic aim of Direct
Method is to teach any foreign language through conversation, discussion and reading in the
54
target language by associating the experience and expression without using the students‟ mother
tongue
...
Oral Practice
...
English is taught through
English only
...
Oral practice helps the students to associate with the objects and ideas for
which they stand
...
Restrain the mother tongue
...
This makes them to think in
English and they learn to respond in English
...
The sentence is the unit of speech
...
All the
words have connotative meanings
...
4
...
Inductive method of teaching grammar is always good
for the learners, as it makes the learners to frame the rules from the language they learn
...
5
...
New words are chosen after careful selection
and gradation and they are taught at definite stages through spoken language
...
Advantages
1
...
Natural way of leaning any language is in the order of
Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing
...
2
...
As students are involved in conversation in
English, their oral fluency in improved
...
It develops pronouncing skill
...
This practice
helps them developing a better English pronunciation
...
Supports in written work
...
Only thing that
the students have to concentrate is to mind on their spelling
...
Promotes the study of literature
...
6
...
Unlike the Grammar Translation Method,
Direct Method makes of audio-visual aids, and thus, making the learning interesting
and proper
...
It is not a complete method
...
It almost neglects reading and writing
...
So, it is an incomplete method
...
It requires competent teachers
...
If they lack in communication skill in English
and stumble, then, they will resort to other way of satisfying students which are quite
detrimental to both students and the system
...
It demands linguistically qualitative students
...
Otherwise, the efforts of the teachers will b futile
...
Non-availability of proper aids
...
5
...
Individual attention at every stage of teaching is required in
this method
...
Unfortunately, all the Indian
classes are over-crowded
...
Difficult verbal explanation
...
Apart from it being difficult, it leads to boredom as verbal is a
perennial villain in the classroom
...
Write any two advantages of Grammar Translation Method
...
Write any two disadvantages of Grammar Translation Method
...
1
...
c
...
West’s New Method
Introduction
Dr
...
Being dissatisfied with the other methods available in teaching of English, he
formulated his own method which considered the anxiety of the Indian students to study English
and try to learn it
...
West has laid a great amount of importance to
Reading
...
Dr
...
West believed that English should be taught to Indian students in line with the
following reasons:
1
...
As English is a rich language and a good number of literature in science and
technology shall help Indian students
...
Children upto the age 12 should be kept busy in reading only
...
This character of the children needs to be
capitalized in the study of a foreign language
...
He didn‟t propose the art of speaking in his new method
...
West‟s New Method of
Teaching is based on the psychological principle that the child tries to hear and
understand before speaking
...
Indian students have acquisition-poor-environment as far as learning English is
concerned
...
2
...
These ideas will lead to appreciating the
language and get acquainted with the other culture
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
1
...
d
...
This method was emerged at the time of World War II
...
This method considers LSRW as the logical
sequence by the learner should learn the language
...
Articulation is more proper
by hearing the sounds and the learners develop a liking for the language
...
Activities are to be developed for the systematic development for listening
...
So, oral skills are practised
systematically in developing communication skills
...
Though many activities are undertaken to
develop oral skills, practice is taken up only on the experience that they gained through listening
...
Teaching of vocabulary is made effective by the use of visual aids
...
The basic principle is to be functional and easy for a larger group
...
Demerits
The behaviourist theory of language learning is not considered prominently
...
The learners are passive and they don‟t have much control over their learning
...
Language form alone is considered while meaning is treated secondarily
...
Check your progress
3
...
1
...
Approaches:
3
...
2
...
Structural Approach
A strong debate is going on whether it is „structural method‟ or „structural approach
...
Besides, methods also vary from person to person, from place to
place and from subject to subject
...
As we have to follow the structure quite ceremoniously without any fluctuation, it
is 'Structural Approach' not "Structural Method'
...
The different structures form the subject matter to be presented
...
D
...
It is based upon the assumption that the language can best be learnt when
its need is felt in a situation
...
This is essential in language learning
...
It is called structural approach because the main emphasis is laid on the mastery of
structures or pattern of sentences and phrases and also on the special features of the language
which help in the construction of a sentence such as word order, structural words and a few
inflexions in English
...
The structure of this sentence is S
Equivalent
of
The
of
So
pattern
different
this
the
languages
sentence
Tamil
require
sentence
different
outfit
in
is
for
example,
+ V+ O
Tamil
S
+
learning
O
the
is
+
V
...
This approach allows mother tongue at the initial stages mainly for explaining a situation
when some sentence pattern is to be practised
...
The learners are given drill of the structures till a habit formation is made on the structures
...
E
...
Gatenby says:
“First follow nature is a good piece of advice for the language teacher
...
Where they are followed
today in the schools of the world, there is very little failure to learn a language
...
- to enable the children to attain mastery over an essential vocabulary of about
3000 root words for active use
...
- to lay proper emphasis on the aural-oral approach, active methods and the
condemnation of formal grammar for its own sake
...
Importance of Speech
The very purpose of the language is for communication
...
1) speaking 2) writing
...
Speaking is a skill of both literates
and illiterates
...
Structural approach gives
much importance to speech
...
Formation of Language Habits
Structural Approach relies much on pattern drill
...
This is done because language is a habit
...
3
...
The Structural Approach takes care of actively involving both teacher and students for a
better teaching learning transaction
...
Mastery of Structures
More emphasis is given on learning structures rather than vocabulary
...
Practice on all the language skills (LSRW) is done one by one on the same
structure
...
Meaningful Situations
To avoid monotonous, the teacher has to be innovative in creating meaningful situations to
present a teaching item
...
There is no dearth of ideas for a resourceful
teacher
...
Teaching One Item of Language at a Time
In structural approach students are introduced only one item at a time
...
Only after getting mastery over the first structure,
the second structure is introduced to them
...
Care must be taken
while selecting structures
...
Productivity
If the structure has scope for producing more sentences, that structure is said to be having
more productivity
...
For example
1
...
Heat the iron
We can make an innumerable sentences with the first structure (the structure „has to‟) so,
this structure has high productivity
...
Simplicity
By simplicity, we mean that the form and meaning of the structure should be simple
...
So, care must be taken to take up simple structures to teach
...
The structure which can be taught very easily, should be given preference
...
This approach, promotes speech habits of students with repeated oral drills for various
structural patterns
...
Oral practice ensures that the students acquire proper pronunciation
...
If the teacher is innovative and create a better classroom situation, structural approach
can motivate the students to the maximum
...
Through habit formation structures are permanently grasped
...
It is best suited approach for objective based teaching of a foreign language
...
Proper selection and gradation of the learning material is possible through this approach
...
The class is always active as it encourages participation of all students
...
The free situation available in the classroom facilitates the functional aspects of the
language
...
The popularity of the structural syllabus all over the country is the testimony of its
effectiveness
...
Instant correction of students' mistakes is possible as its main emphasis is on oral practice
of the language structures
...
This approach is suited for lower classes
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
3
...
2
...
Communicative Approach
1
...
The learner who has the linguistic competence alone will be
able to utilize the language to use as and when he requires
...
Different Forms of Linguistics
...
Only when he is familiar with different forms of linguistics, he will be able to
choose the specific form to be used in a specific situation
...
Develop skills and strategies for using the language
...
of language
...
4
...
English is learnt as a second language
...
Man is known by his company
...
Society should be a ground for the learner to practice
what he learnt
...
Then only he is said to have used the language rightly
...
So, there are many advantages to the learners
...
It provides for the teaching of everyday, real-world language used in variety of
socio-cultural situations in which features of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar
and culture are selected and graded according to their priority in actual
communication
...
It recognizes that the students must have a real purpose for using language
...
The language user feels satisfied on his own performance and that acts as a
motivating factor
...
He is recognized the society where he uses the language successfully
...
It aims at giving practical aspect of using the language
...
It is situational, meaningful, motivating others and is self-rewarding
...
Communication plays a major
role in teaching-learning process
...
Both should come forward to establish a right environment for the acquisition of
communicative language
...
3
...
2
...
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
The main purpose of learning any language is to communicate our thoughts and to others
...
For effective communication, one must master all aspects of the
64
language, linguistics, being the most important one
...
For effective
communication both words and structures are needed
...
During the same period British applied linguists grew conscious of another fundamental
dimension of language and that was the functional and communicative potential of language
...
3
...
2
...
Eclectic Approach
Eclectic means choosing and accepting freely from various sources
...
Every method has its own merit and demerit
...
This is our understanding based on the analysis and approaches we have
made so far of different methods and approaches to the teaching of English
...
He can have a compromise of using various aspects of the methods discussed so far
...
Whatever the method that the teacher adopts his sole aim should be in developing the four
language skills in the students
...
Different activities for developing oral skill as suggested in Unit IV have to be carried out
...
Only when required the teacher can use mother
tongue for explaining some abstract words, phrase or situations
...
He has to ensure
that the grammar classes don't lead them to hate the English Language
...
There, putting a big block on our learning the language
...
As
much as possible apt audio-visual aids to be used for effective learning
...
We can call this as
Eclectic Method or Complete Method or an Integrated Method
...
2
...
It is rightly said that the reach of English is far and wide and there is no area
which is not influenced by English
...
The teaching of English is to cater to the various needs of the learners
...
Keeping these aims in mind, the strategies for
teaching is formed
...
3
...
1
...
It is the result of rejection
of Audiolingualism in the United States
...
But, when it comes to communicating in
English, our students have some inhibition
...
Objectives:
-
aimed at developing communicative ability in the learners
-
importance is given to meanings functions rather than the structure of the language
...
-
a balanced importance is given to all the four language skills viz
...
The Method
English class should encourage dialogue and not the monologue of the teacher
...
Role play, language games, grammar games,
interactive sessions, interviews, debate and other related activities are the ways the classes are
conducted
...
Any materials, even nonconventional materials are taken for designing and activities and solving solutions
...
This has become a very effective practice for developing not only reading but also listening, as
the students listen to comprehend the news item
...
This method helps in
grasping a good number of vocabulary
...
2
...
Cooperative Language Learning (CLL)
Cooperative Language Learning is part of a more general teaching approach also known
as Collaborative Learning
...
Oslen and Kagan defined the cooperative learning as:
“Cooperative learning is group; learning activity organized so that learning is dependent
on the socially structured exchange of information between learners in groups and in
which each learner is held accountable for his or her own learning and is motivated to
increase the learning of others”
...
Group activities are
carefully planned that can ensure maximum participation of the students to each other‟s
learning
...
2
...
Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)
There is a difference between „acquiring‟ a language and „learning‟ a language
...
Mother tongue is acquired and other targeted languages are learned
...
That way, English classroom should have
opportunities to acquire the language
...
Apart from giving a conducive environment for acquiring language skills in
English, the activities in the English classroom have to be interesting also
...
Martin Bygate, University of Lancaster, John M
...
It is based on a constellation of
ideas issuing from philosophy of education, theories of second language acquisition,
empirical findings on effective instructional techniques, and the exigencies of language
learning in contemporary society”
...
The most important benefit of TBLT is that it removes the
passivity in the minds of the learners and act as a motivational for learning more
...
And, of course, teachers are there to help them in
this regard
...
Although the teacher may present language in the pre-task, the students
are ultimately free to use what grammar constructs and vocabulary they want
...
Furthermore, as the tasks are likely to be familiar to the students (eg
...
Meaning is primary in TBLT
...
Learners are not restricted in their use of language forms
...
As tasks
bear a relationship, to real-world activities, the learners are not doing tasks in any simulated
situation or in contrived situation
...
That way, task-based language teaching activities will play a stimulus for learning the
target language with great enthusiasm
...
Tasks are assessed based on their outcome
...
Using tasks as the basic building blocks of syllabus design allows
teachers to both sequence the lessons and assess their outcomes, while at the same time creating
reasonably authentic parameters within which students can communicate with each other for a
purpose
...
Task-based teaching offers the opportunity for „natural‟ learning inside the classroom
...
It is intrinsically
motivating
...
It caters to the development of communicative fluency while not
neglecting accuracy
...
3
...
4
...
In Activity-based learning (ABL) teaching
method, in the words of Harfield, Davies, Hede, Panko Kenley (2007) “students actively
participate in the learning experience rather than sit as passive listeners”
...
Activity –based learning as the
learning process in which “student is actively involved in doing or in seeing something done
...
According to Churchill, ABL helps learners to construct mental models that allow
for 'higher-order' performance such as applied problem solving and transfer of information and
skills‟
...
The students do not learn about the content, rather they learn about the process to
solve the problem
...
Effective teaching –learning process is not possible without students‟ motivation
...
He highlights the importance of different activities
related to the concepts being presented
...
Its core premises include the requirement that learning should be based on doing some
hands-on experiments and activities
...
If child is
provided the opportunity to explore on its own and provided an optimum learning environment
then the learning becomes joyful and retention is longer
...
First designed and tested by the Rishi Valley School in Andhra Pradesh in the '90s, the
Activity-Based Learning system has been successfully implemented in several Indian states and
union territory, including Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana
...
In Tamil Nadu, UNICEF supported the Chennai Corporation to
introduce the ABL methods in the Government schools
...
A fearless
and freedom to express environment always adds to best learning outcomes
...
Under the
system, the curriculum is divided into small units, each a group of Self Learning Materials
(SLM) comprising attractively designed study cards for English, Tamil, Maths, Science and
Social Science
...
Activities
in each milestone include games, rhymes, drawing, and songs to teach a letter or a word, form a
70
sentence, do maths and science, or understand a concept
...
3
...
LET US SUM UP
Planning the lesson is important for all the teachers
...
Objectives of teaching should be based on the need and level of the students
...
If teaching items are presented interestingly the learners will show a lot of
enthusiasm in learning
...
3
...
KEY WORDS
Approach
:
the nature of language and how language is learnt
Method
:
the different ways of teaching language
Technique
:
the classroom activities that v ill facilitate better learning
Active use
:
use it in our regular conversation
...
3
...
ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
1
...
It helps in building vocabulary
...
The teacher is comfortable
...
i
...
ii
...
3
...
71
UNIT – IV
STRUCTURE
4
...
TEACHING THE FOUR SKILLS OF COMMUNICATION
4
...
LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE AND COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
4
...
DEVELOPING LISTENING SKILLS
4
...
DEVELOPING SPOKEN ENGLISH
4
...
PHONETICS OF ENGLISH: STRESS, RHYTHM AND INTONATION
4
...
1
...
4
...
VOCABULARY ENRICHMENT
4
...
1
...
4
...
2
...
4
...
3
...
4
...
ENHANCING READING SKILLS
4
...
1
...
4
...
2
...
4
...
TEACHING:
4
...
1
...
4
...
2
...
4
...
3
...
4
...
4
...
4
...
TESTING:
4
...
1
...
4
...
2
...
4
...
3
...
4
...
4
...
72
4
...
5
...
4
...
5
...
Item Difficulty
...
9
...
b
...
4
...
LET US SUM UP
4
...
KEY WORDS
4
...
ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
************************
4
...
TEACHING THE FOUR SKILLS OF COMMUNICATION
Refer 1
...
5
...
5
...
5
...
5
...
4
...
LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE AND COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
Everybody knows the inter-relationship of language and communication
...
The aspects of linguistic description like
phonology, lexis and syntax are just part of elements that constitute for communication
...
We should be able to distinguish
between lexical meaning of the utterance and contextual meaning of the utterance
...
In this
context, the student can take lexical meaning of the utterance of the teacher and takes the matter
to the police as „attempt to murder‟ rather it should be contextually understood that the teacher is
highly disturbed by the student and he may be intended to punish him as legally and
academically permitted
...
So, it is learnt that
grammatical knowledge alone cannot help in participating effectively in communication
...
They are,
01
...
02
...
03
...
73
04
...
05
...
Chomsky believes that linguistic competence can
be separated from the rest of communicative competence and studied in isolation but sociolinguist, like Dell Hymes believes that the notion of linguistic competence is unreal and that no
significant progress in linguistics is possible without studying forms along with the ways in
which they are used
...
3
...
6
...
4
...
6
...
4
...
PHONETICS OF ENGLISH: STRESS, RHYTHM AND INTONATION
There are varieties of pronunciation in English
...
Each individual has his own voice quality
and ways of uttering the sounds
...
This is because
distinctive phonetic features which make one language different from another
...
Air
streams that come from the lungs play a major role in producing sounds
...
Of course, sounds in all other global languages are also produced by
breathing out, except Japanese language
...
The respiratory system is the backbone of the production of speech sounds
...
The
74
speech sounds in almost all languages are produced by breathing out the air
...
Phonatory System
Phonatory system comprises of Larynx otherwise known as „Adam‟s Apple‟ and the
Vocal Cords in all positions like vocal cords drawn wide apart, vocal cords held loosely together
and the local cords held tightly together
...
Check your progress
1
...
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2
...
These speeches are in a
structured group
...
For example, take a group of sounds in the sentence /The lady sang a song/
...
Further, they can be divided into five
groups: /The/, /lady/, /sang/,/a/, /song/
...
So, we have divided
the group of sounds into the smallest sounds till that cannot be broken any further
...
The sentence that we have taken for example has totally 13
smallest sound units
...
For example'
Cake-/keik/ Phoneme/k/ is in two different positions
...
In the first place it is pronounced with aspiration and in the end position it is unaspirated,
But both the aspirated and unaspirated /k/ are called ALLOPHONES of the phoneme /k/
...
5
...
Difficult for Indian Students and Remedial Measures
MINIMAL PAIR DRILL
There are many sounds in English which are difficult for Indian speakers
...
There are a few phonemes which do not occur in our
languages and hence they are likely to be difficult for our pupils
...
There are some
notable pairs of sounds which our people are not able to distinguish properly
...
In minimal pair drill, the confusing pair of sounds is taken
...
For example, if the
learner has difficulty to distinguish between /t/ and /d/ then they can be asked to practise
tin
:
din
/tin/
:
/din/
train
:
drain
/trein/
:
/drein/
tusk
:
dusk
/tʌsk/
:
/dʌsk/
try
:
dry
/trai/
:
/drai/
beat
:
bead
/bi:t/
:
/bi:d/
wheat
:
weed
/wi:t/
:
/wi:d/
Note: other than /t/ and /d/ remaining all the other sounds are same
...
:
/dʒʌg/
Minimal Pair Drill for /s/ and /z/
sink
:
zinc
/sink/
:
/zink/
sue
:
zoo
/su:/
:
/zu:/
loose
:
lose
/lu:s/
:
/lu:z/
bus
:
buzz
/bʌs/
:
/bʌz/
Minimal Pair Drill for /k/ and /g/
cap
:
gap
/kæp/
:
/gæp/
crow
:
grow
/krəʊ/
:
/grəʊ/
clad
:
glad
/klæd/
:
/glæd
WORD-STRESS
Collins Co-build English Language Dictionary says: “Stress is an extra emphasis that you
put on a word or a part of a word when you pronounce it, so that it sounds slightly louder”
...
There are two kinds of
stress: the word-stress and the sentence-stress
...
The
syllable which should receive the greater prominence is marked (') in dictionaries
...
How to syllabify a word? A word is divided into syllables by the number of vowels it
contained
...
For example, the word
'examination'/ig/zæ/mi/nei/ʃən/ has five syllables in it
...
In English two unstressed syllables rarely occur before a stressed
one
...
This intermediate stress is called Secondary Stress
while the heaviest one is called the Primary Stress
...
The same words have different stress
pattern depends on the parts of speech of the words
...
If they are verbs then the second syllable is stressed
...
Stress shift
from the first syllable to the second, the third, or the fourth syllable
...
For example,
'democrat (3 Syllables)
de „mocracv(4 Syllables)
demo „cractic (5)
„diplomat (3)
dip „lomacy (4)
diploma „tically (6)
„politics (3)
po „litical (4)
poli 'tically (5)
78
'photograph (3)
pho'tographer (4)
photo „graphical (5)
Word stress helps to identify compound words from related noun phrases
Compound
Noun Phrases
'blackbird
'black'bird
'crossword
'cross'word
'grandmother
'grand'mother
'greenfly
'green'fly
Check your progress
3
...
What is a word stress?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Inflexional Suffixes
The words which do not change their grammatical status even by affixing something into
them are called Inflexional suffixes
...
For example
'table (Noun)
'tables (Noun)
„student (Noun)
„students (Noun)
'simple (Adjective)
'simpler (Adjective)
'simplest (Adjective)
'enter (Verb)
'enters (Verb)
'entered (Verb)
'realize (Vern)
'realizes (Verb)
'realized (Verb)
Derivational Suffixes
Derivational suffixes change their grammatical status by affixing something into them
...
VERB
NOUN
Decide
Decision
Teach
Teacher
79
Apply
Application
Realise
Realisation
Enter
Entrance
Add
Addition
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
Beautiful
Beautifully
Cheap
Cheaply
Quick
Quickly
Angry
Angrily
Probable
Probably
Terrible
Terribly
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
Achievement
Achievable
Addition
Additional
Adjustment
Adjustable
Mass
Massive
Approach
Approachable
Attention
Attentive
VERB
ADJECTIVE
Accept
Acceptable
Act
Active
Adjust
Adjustable
Attend
Attentive
Attract
Attractive
Avoid
Avoidable
80
Intonation
Stress is described as the degree of force applied on different syllables, whereas
Intonation is the change of pitch of the voice
...
In English different intonation patterns are
associated with different types of sentences
...
There are five basic intonation- patterns in English
...
Rising
II
...
Falling-Rising
IV
...
Rising-Falling-Rising
...
Usage No
...
g
...
2:
going to Chennai ?
It is used with the sentence with two tone groups like Main Clause and
Subordinate Clause
...
e
...
When I reached the
station the train had already
left
...
Usage No
...
g
...
Usage No
...
g
...
3: It is used with Specific Questions (Questions start with Interrogative Words which
start with „W‟ or „H‟)
e
...
Where did you
go?
81
Usage No
...
g
...
The users of the
language do not pronounce the words in any language the same way
...
It is right in all
senses
...
A person from Thanjavur may not easily understand the
Tamil spoken by a person from other part of Tamil Nadu
...
If that is the case with the language that is spoken in 300 kilometre circumference, what
would be the case with English that is being spoken all around the world? It will be definitely
difficult to understand English in different dialects
...
And for this
purpose Daniel Jones has brought out a pronouncing dictionary with Received Pronunciation
...
There are 44 sounds in English
...
The following questions
should be asked to describe the consonants
...
Place of Articulation means, where the active articulators
and passive articulators meet to produce sounds
...
Phonetic Transcription
There are 12 pure vowels and 08 diphthongs
...
They are also
called gliding vowels
...
No
...
, sea
/ i: t/,
/bi:t/,
/si:/
03
/e/
echo, better, ---/ekəu/, /betə /, -------04
/æ/
act, cat, -----/ækt/, /kæt/, --------05
/a:/
arc, part, harp
/a:k/,
/pa:t/,
/ha:p/
06
/ʌ/
upper, cup, suffer
/ʌpə/, /kʌp/,
----07
/ɔ/
dog, fog
...
tooth
/mu:n/,
/stu:l/,
/tu:θ/
11
/ɜ:/
curl, pearl, her
/kɜ:l/,
/pɜ:l/,
/hɜ:/
12
/ə/
balloon, banana, abacus
/bəlu:n/, /bəna:nə/,
/æbəkəs/
______________________________________________________________________________
Classification of English Vowels
(i) According to the part of tongue raised
/i:
i
/ʌ
ə:
e æ/
ə/
/a: ɔ ɔ: u u: /
----------
are front vowels
----------
are central vowels
----------
are back vowels
83
(ii) According to the height of the tongue
/i:
...
No
...
Plosives
(a) Bi-labial
/p/ and /b/
Both the lips brought together for awhile, air behind the closure is compressed then the
84
articulatory organs (both the lips) part rapidly with explosion
e
...
/p/ - /pit/, /spit/, /skip/
/b/ - /bit/, /bet/, /rib/
Note: There is no doubling of consonants in transcription
...
(b) Alveolar
/t/ and /d/
Tip of the tongue closed the air passage by pressing against the teeth ridge, the soft palate is
raised and no air passage to the nasal cavity and the tip of the tongue is raised to release the air
suddenly
...
(c) Velar
/t/ -
/tin/, /bet/, /bi;t/
/d/ -
/din/, / splendid/, /bi:d/
/k/ and /g/
The back of the tongue is raised and pressed against the soft palate and the air passage is
closed
...
Then the air is allowed to rush out suddenly by lowering
the tongue
...
g
...
/əgəʊ/, /dɔg/
/g/ II
...
The soft palate is up and the passage to nasal cavity is blocked and the air is allowed to escape
through the narrow opening between the teeth and the lips
...
g
...
The Palate is up and the passage
to naval cavity is blocked
...
g
...
The soft palate is raised and the passage to nasal cavity is blocked
...
g
...
The air passage is partially
closed
...
The soft
palate is up and the nasal passage is blocked
...
g
...
g
...
The air passage is closed
by raising the tip of the tongue against the area between teeth ridge and hard palate
...
e
...
/tʃ/ - /tʃein/
/dʒ/ - /dʒʌdʒ
IV Nasals
/butʃə/ /ritʃ/
/peidʒə/ /bridʒ/
/m/, /n/, /k/
The oral passage is closed and the air is released through the nasal cavity
...
g
...
The soft palate is up and the passage
to nasal cavity is closed
...
e
...
/w/ - /win/, /swim/ -------Palatal - /j/
- /jes/,
/bju:ti/ ------------
4
...
VOCABULARY ENRICHMENT
INTRODUCTION
Teachers of English pay an unsparing attention on making a good stock of vocabulary in
their students
...
Vocabulary plays a major role in
meaningful verbal communication
...
Grammar can be taught either by inductive or deductive approach
...
West
...
So the writers have to be careful in
bringing the entire situation in front of the readers
...
Vocabulary is a tool through which communication in any' language is possible
...
This is mainly because the learners are not privileged to the right kind of environment
...
The learners are exposed to the language wherever
he goes
...
Everybody around him is a teacher
...
So, acquiring the language skills of English as a second language will be to
the maximum
if the learners
are
provided with
the
acquisition-rich-environment
...
The learners may have scope only in formal situation, that is, in
school only
...
Accumulation of doubts may lead to ignore them
...
Or, sometimes, these doubts will vanish from the minds of the learners
...
He has to communicate with his fellow-beings to have a
meaningful life
...
If vocabulary plays a major
role in communication what about the grammatical structure? Vocabulary and Structure are the
two sides of the same coin, as far as effective communication is concerned
...
And, of
course, a right, vocabulary in a wrong structure will also never carry the right meaning
...
That way, to some extent in oral communication,
88
vocabulary will do a great favour to the user of the language
...
KINDS OF VOCABULARY
There are two types of words
...
Structural words and 2
...
Structural words
are part of grammar
...
But we cannot
weigh them lowly also
...
Content words can give meaning independently
...
F
...
French classifies the words of a language into three, in relation to its users:
a) the words that he knows intimately and can use them effectively,
b) a large number of words that he understands but doesn't normally use, and
c) the unlimited number of words in the language that he doesn't know
...
French further establishes that these groups
may change their position
...
And further
these words may go to the list of words under "strangers"
...
Active Vocabulary: The words that we know intimately and use them effectively in our daily
life
...
IMPLICATIONS OF LEARNING A WORD
The meaning of a word can never be understood when it is in isolation
...
To put it simply, the meaning of a word can
precisely be understood when we know the context in which it is used
...
Any word that is learnt through situation is bound to remain in the mind
of the learners for a longer time
...
Because, much cannot be retained and recalled through this method
...
How long does one take to learn all the meaning of a particular word? It is a very simple
question
...
But the gross reality is that it
takes one's life time to master over the meaning of a single word
...
That means a new meaning can be given to a word at any time
...
Check Your Progress
Note: Write your answers in the space given below
...
What do you mean by „stress shift‟?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
6
...
What are derivational suffixes?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4
...
1
...
1
...
But they should not be
disheartened with this situation
...
This
eagerness of children should properly be exploited by the teachers to teach English
...
What are the items may be
available in a classroom?
Fan, Table, Duster, Chalk, Wall, Paint, Whitewash, Switches, Wire
...
The fan is whirling clockwise
...
The fan is brown in color
...
The fan has a long iron rod
...
If the fan is not working we feel suffocated
...
If the fan is not whirling we perspire
...
The fan has three leaves
...
So, there are l 5 words that can be learnt through the examples cited above
...
Likewise many sentences and many words can be learnt through the
items available in a classroom
...
2
...
There are innumerable objects whose English relevant the students may not know, can
be brought to the class
...
How
many of us know the English equivalent to the items that are there in our home
...
So, the teacher can prefer to teach
them first
...
Likewise the teacher can choose to bring
some objects that are familiar to the students and give their English equivalent
...
Actions and Gesticulations: The teacher can teach much vocabulary through actions and
gesticulations
...
Words like walk, run, sit, clean, beat, punch, drag,
push, pull, stare, grimace, lift, etc
...
The listed words are just samples
...
Even
words that show feelings can very effectively be taught through actions and gesticulations
...
The
teacher needn't be very accurate in his attempt to draw some sketches to teach vocabulary
...
Meaning of some prepositions can be
effectively taught through this method
...
g
...
Babu went instead of John
...
1nstead of a Ford car
they supplied a Maruthi car
...
There are many ways through which pupils' vocabulary can be optimized
...
Most of the children, nowadays, are very fond of cricket
...
Then, what should the teacher do for this cause? Simply, the
students can be asked to watch cricket match live if possible and the next day they should be
asked to read the cricket news from 'the Hindu'
...
Other ways to expand pupils' vocabulary are:
(i) Word Families: A family of words can be formed with the basic word
...
Example:
(a)
Adjective
Adverb
quick
quickly
slow
?
92
(b)
Firm
?
violent
?
Verb
Noun
move
movement
advertise
?
settle
?
enrich
?
So, enrichment of vocabulary can be done in many ways
...
If we just look at the advertising boards, a lot of
useful vocabulary can be gained
...
6
...
Lexical and Grammatical Competencies
Lexical and Grammatical Competence
Competence is the quality of being competent
...
The proof must
show that they can bring many parts of a job together
...
Competence
can be proved not just because of what he can do but because of how he applies that ability in the
field of his work
...
Communicative Competence
Communicative competence is the underlying competence systems of knowledge and
skill required for communication
...
Grammatical Competence, which is concerned with mastery of the language code,
vocabulary and linguistic semantics
...
Sociolinguistic Competence, which is involved in decisions about appropriacy of
language to context
3
...
93
4
...
Communicative competence is the ability to use language properly in productive and receptive
situations for real communication
...
Grammatical competence is the ability to recognize and produce the distinctive
grammatical structures of a language and to use them effectively in communication and to use
the forms of the language (sounds, words, and sentence structure)
...
Lexical competence: Lexical competence is the ability to recognize and use words in a language
in the way that speakers of the language use them
...
When we talk about lexical items we refer to the “words” that are stored in our minds and that all
together build our mental vocabulary
...
When we learn English as a second
language we are learning and storing, somehow, a set of lexical items that will constitute the
second language vocabulary
...
4
...
3
...
Learning to use a
dictionary is an important skill
...
It also means the ability to
94
(i)
Choose the correct meaning from the number of meanings supplied for the single
word
...
Students should be trained to realize all these benefits that are assured in the dictionary
...
Students should refer only standard dictionaries
...
In the beginning it may be time-consuming
...
English teacher should ensure that the students refer dictionary everyday either
for meaning or for pronunciation
...
A
thesaurus contains groupings of words that are collected in terms of their meaning
...
How to use a thesaurus
Choose the word for which we need to know the meaning
Find the word in the alphabetical order
Once the word is found out, look at the words that are listed alongside the main word
...
Using a thesaurus can often be part of using a dictionary, as many online dictionaries will
include these words at the ends of the definitions
...
Online Thesaurus:
Online thesaurus has become very famous with the young learners
...
These online thesauruses are up to date and
95
they can give you a long list of words and their meanings
...
Book Thesaurus
Book thesauruses are also available which can be at our fingertips
...
A few useful thesauruses are:
Roget‟s Super Thesaurus
Webster‟s New World Thesaurus
The Merriam-Webster Thesaurus
Book thesauruses are easy and an independent reference material unlike the online thesaurus
which requires computer, internet and power
...
The only disadvantage
in book thesaurus is it is not updated until the next edition comes
...
7
...
Apart from helping the students academically,
reading plays a major role in one‟s knowledge acquisition
...
The
spoken symbols are associated with the objects, qualities or actions for which they stand
...
e
...
Reading is an important skill in learning a foreign language, because it
opens a good store of useful and interesting material to the students
...
Dr
...
So, it is mandatory for the educational system in India to ensure the enhancement of
reading skills in the students
...
* students should be encouraged to develop good reading habits
...
* reading in a meaningful segment is mandatory to comprehend the reading
...
* train them to understand lexical meaning and contextual meaning of the content read
...
* make them feel the importance of referring dictionary for meaning and teach them the ways to
refer the dictionary for locating the appropriate meaning that the reader requires
...
In other words, develop the
skimming ability
...
* help them identify the most important point of the reading
...
4
...
1
...
To do this job effectively the teacher should have the knowledge of the types of
reading that facilitates reading comprehension
...
The teacher has to be wary in
correcting the wrong pronunciation immediately and give a drill of correct pronunciation to the
whole class
...
Marrison is of the opinion that loud reading by students should be
97
followed by silent reading, just the opposite of what is practised generally in our schools
...
Reading loud also helps in inculcating the pupil in the correct habit of reading in sense
groups
...
Habit of loud reading should be cultivated because this is an important part
of education
...
The skill of reading well also
gives the learner a sense of pleasure, power and mastery over the language
...
Hence, at the initial stage more
attention should be paid to reading aloud
...
Along with the ability to
read aloud, pupils should be introduced to silent reading
...
While the
purpose of reading aloud is to improve the pronunciation of pupils, the purpose of silent reading
is to enable them to comprehend the meaning of what they read with speed
...
In loud reading the reader loses the
energy and it is difficult read for a long time, whereas, in silent reading, the energy of the readers
is not drained and thus, has the chances of reading for a longer time
...
Teachers should ensure that
the students don‟t move their lips while in silent reading, otherwise, it will lead to faulty habit of
reading, as there are chances of mismatch between the movement of the lips and the movement
of the eyes
...
The teacher has to be meticulous in assessing the reading comprehension by
asking a few questions to check
...
The pupils have more opportunities to learn the aspects of the language
98
through intensive reading
...
Intensive reading can also be done in the absence of the teachers
...
And, the only practicable means of
learning a foreign language as a second language is through intensive reading
...
Extensive Reading
In intensive reading, the pupils pay attention to almost all aspects of language
...
Extensive
readers should be interesting stories
...
The two main themes of extensive reading are reading
for pleasure and reading for information
...
And it also consolidates
active vocabulary
...
Sending the students to library can be done as a means of assertive
punishment also
...
Group
discussion also can be done on extensive reader
...
7
...
Study and Reference skills
...
To pursue higher education
and to come successful in any competitive examination, one requires study skills
...
In some cases they may not get
the benefit proportionate to the efforts that they have put up
...
Perception
2
...
Retention
4
...
So, they go for preparing selected areas
...
This kind of locating the area for
preparation is called ‘perception’
...
Skill of perceptions and skill of comprehension are called
‘gathering’
...
Whatever is understood in the second step
of study skills should properly be retained in our memory
...
The last study skill is the skill of ‘retrieval’
...
You might have watched many examinees
complaining that though they know the answer but they could not retrieve the answer at the time
of need
...
Reference Skills
The learner of English has to develop the skill of reading to pursue higher education
...
The exposure that they get can
only lay foundation
...
This
can be achieved only when they acquire mastery over some supplementary skills through
reference materials
...
When the reference skills
developed properly, the students would definitely be able to use English effectively
...
8
...
8
...
Teaching Writing
The languages of today have come to stay for a major part of their function, as written
languages
...
Writing is often regarded as the visual representation of speech
...
There are not many situations where we have a free choice between speech and writing; in most
cases we use one of these two modes of communication
...
As writing is a record for others to peruse, making mistake in writing will expose our
lacuna
...
The response of the listeners also supports the cause of speaking
...
To compensate for these advantages in speaking, other devices have to be
employed in writing
...
For further information on Teaching Writing Refer 1
...
4
...
8
...
Teaching of Prose
Teaching prose means teaching reading with comprehension
...
According to Coleridge, “Prose is best words in their best order”
...
The major objective of
teaching prose is to make the students to understand and use English language without any
problem
...
101
There are different ways to prepare the lesson plan
...
According to Herbart, the five steps for teaching English prose are
1
...
Preparation
3
...
Recapitulation
5
...
It is
because they translate the content into their mother tongue and get satisfied that they teach well
...
The priority of the teachers is to give them 'facilities to acquire language skills
through prose- teaching, Effective teaching of prose means the attainment of different aims fixed
up by the authorities
...
Reading
material should be easy, 'interesting and comprehensible in nature
...
13e'll get better books,
afterwards
...
In this regard, prose is the most important one with
which the teachers can give language acquiring environment to the students
...
ii) Most of the teachers concentrate on giving mother tongue equivalent to the prose piece
...
This is their wrong notion
...
They never take up to teach
language skills to them
iv) Functional aspect of the grammar is not dealt simultaneously with prose teaching
...
102
Methods of Teaching Reading
i) The Alphabet method: This is the oldest method where the pupils are made to memorise the
names of letters of the alphabet in their sequential order
...
ii) The Phonic or Syllabic Method: This method is considered an improved version of the
alphabet method
...
This method is
easy for the beginners
...
It is mainly because English is not
a Phonetic language
...
"The word is taken as the minimum meaningful unit
...
Photographic memory is
promoted
...
This is based on the psycholinguistic principle of taking the sentence as
the minimum unit of thought
...
v) The Story Method: To give the situational learning, the teacher tells a story
...
The story method regards the entire story as the unit of
thought
...
Different occasions require different methods
...
A) 1 the methods lie on a scale which
extends from single letters to the entire story
...
He takes up this work as an oral lesson in functional grammar
...
He has to ensure that he teaches the words and structures with interesting
illustrations contextually
...
The teacher gives all necessary information that will
facilitate to understand the text while reading
...
If the
103
passage to be taught is the continuation of the previous class, then the teacher has to make the
students to recall what they learnt in their previous class
...
He reads out the passage with correct
pronunciation, stress, intonation and pause
...
Pupils are allowed to read the passage silently
...
The
teacher discusses the language aspects and the main points of the passage
...
If any further explanation is required, it is given at this point
...
Pupils work out some more exercises on vocabulary and
grammar and also on the theme of the passage
...
Some teachers follow this loud reading after his model
reading
...
4
...
3
...
Much of the English poetry now being studied in our secondary school ought not to be there at
all
...
Argument is afloat whether Poetry should be included in the school subject
...
Poetry
comes under literature
...
We cannot expect
our students to give literary appreciation with their limited language skills in English
...
To make the learners to enjoy the poem language
aspects also can be taught through poetry
...
The general aims of teaching poetry
are:
(i)
To make the learners to appreciate the beauty of the poem:
(ii)
To make them to enjoy the individual chorus recitation of the poem;
(iii)
To make the students to understand the thoughts and imagery of the poem:
(iv)
To create a love and develop taste for literature
...
POETRY LESSONS FOR TEACHING LANGUAGE
Poetry lessons in English can develop in the pupils a favourable attitude towards the
language
...
Rhyme and rhythmic activity always
enchant the children
...
If the poem prescribed is humorous in nature, definitely, students show much interest in
learning the poem
...
And for this, teacher has to keep the following points in his mind;
i
...
ii
...
Students will lose their
interest
...
He has to give explanation of
words or expressions only when it requires for enjoying the poem
...
Moral of the poem should be avoided
...
Aspect of language teaching should not be prominence
v
...
Though there are irregular structures in poetry, but in many cases regular structures are
used
...
As poetry is
appealing, the structures in poetry are well received by the students and they will be able to use
105
these structures when situations arise
...
Poetry lessons can improve pupils' pronunciation
...
Stress is the base
for rhythm
...
The Process of Teaching Poetry Lesson
Step I: The teacher creates proper atmosphere for the poem, By using some teaching aids, he
tells something about the poem in simple English
...
Step II : The teacher gives a model recitation of the poem
...
He can use the tape script of the poem if available
...
Step IV: The teacher gives a model recitation of the poem for the second time
...
Teacher
corrects the mistakes committed by the students
...
Step VII: The teacher asks some comprehension questions in order to check whether the
students understood the poem
...
This may be asking them to memorise the
poem or write the summary of the poem
...
4
...
4
...
Teaching composition starts with choosing the topic and finding out the structures and
vocabulary required to write the composition
...
Composition should be experience based
...
There are two types of compositions:
1
...
Free Composition
106
GUIDED COMPOSITION
In guided composition, vocabulary, structure and points for writing are given by the
teacher himself
...
When teacher enters the class with this kind of preparation it will facilitate the
students to reciprocate in writing the composition at the expected level
...
The teacher has to conduct a pre-composition session where he can deliberate
the points to be included in the writing and also he can give the choice of vocabulary and
structures to the students
...
To ensure the correctness of writing of the guided composition, the
teacher has to ask a few questions to elicit answer from the students
...
FREE COMPOSITION
Free composition can be introduced only when the students have a good stock of
vocabulary and better use of syntactic structures
...
There are four major reasons for a slow progress in writing free
composition in English
...
Lack of preliminary work for the writing, 2
...
Proper guidance is not available and 4
...
However, these inhibitions can be overcome if proper preparation is done
...
4
...
TESTING:
4
...
1
...
TEST and EXAMINATIONS are still the most widely-used tools of evaluation
...
But, there is a slight variation between the two
...
There is no yardstick
...
But both test and examinations are tools for evaluation
...
4
...
2
...
Achievement Test
2
...
The Aptitude Test
4
...
Diagnostic Tests
108
4
...
3
...
STANDARDISED ACHIEVEMENT TESTS:
Standardised achievement tests are broadly classified into two classes, namely
subjective type tests and objective type tests
...
Short answer type question test mainly the semantic aspect of the content and the
ability to recall by the pupils
...
109
Objective Type Tests: Objective type questions are used to test the knowledge of the student
about the topic and the subject
...
(i)Written paper and pencil tests: Written paper and pencil tests are used to test the level of
understanding of the content by the student
...
(a) Objective Type Tests: objective type tests means the teachers have to be objective
...
He doesn‟t have any
hope to be biased in evaluating a paper
...
(c) Essay type tests: Essay type tests are used to mainly test the knowledge of the student
in that particular topic
...
The skill of logical coherence that is practised in essay type
questions help us to use this logical reasoning in presenting our cause to other family members
or to our higher officials
...
(ii) Oral tests: Oral tests are used to know the recital capacity and the knowledge of the student
...
There are many hurdles in
conducting oral test
...
Because,
we language mainly of speech
...
(iii) Practical tests: Practical tests are mainly to be conducted so that the student understands the
concept of the topic so easily and clearly
...
Anything that is learnt theoretically will have strong support when it is done
practically
...
9
...
Construction of a Good Test – Objectivity, Reliability, Validity and Administrability
A good tool of evaluation has the following characteristics:
Objectivity
Validity
Reliability
Administrability
Objectivity: A test should not give scope for the examiner to influence his own perception into
awarding marks to the answer
...
Validity: It is meant to test the objective it aims to test
...
But in most tests,
the skills are not tested
...
It is because of this, our graduates also are not able to use English, after having studied
English for many years
...
If so, the test doesn't
have reliability
...
It should not give any
scope for copying
...
An average student should
be able to complete it within the stipulated time
...
Construction of a Scholastic Achievement Test
While constructing an achievement test, the teacher should ensure that relative weightages are
given to a) objectives b) content c) types of questions and with this Blueprint should be pre
pared
...
111
Design
Subject: English
Time: 45 minutes
Unit: Direct and Indirect Speeches
Maximum Marks: 25
Class: IX
(a) WEIGHTAGE TO OBJECTIVES
1
...
Skill of writing
60%
100%
(b) WEIGHTAGE TO CONTENTS
MARKS
1
...
Sequence of tense in direct and indirect speech
4
3
...
Interrogatives beginning with helping verbs
5
5
...
Conversion into direct speech
5
Total = 25
(c) WEIGHTAGE TO TYPE OF QUESTIONS
1
...
NO
CONTENT
OBJECTIVES
Knowledge
Skill
TOTA
L
1
...
Sequence of tense
4(4)
4(4)
3
...
Interrogatives beginning with helping verbs
112
5(5)
5(5)
5
...
Conversion into direct speech
5(5)
5(5)
15(15)
25(25)
Total
10(10)
NOTE:
The figures outside the brackets indicate marks and those within the brackets indicate the
number of questions
...
Marks: 25
Instructions: Attempt all the questions
I
...
Recognize which of the following sentences is correctly reported
...
(A) Mohan asked me that was he going to Jaipur
(B) Gopal said to me if he going to Delhi
...
(1)1
b
...
Choose the correct answer out of the following and write A,B, or C in the bracket
...
(B) He asked me what my name was
...
(1)1
d
...
Write A, B or C in the bracket
...
113
(B) She asked me when he was absent
...
(1)1
II
...
Which of the following sentences has correct sequence of tense? Write A, B, or C for the
correct use
...
(B) Mohan asked me why I was late
...
(1)l
b
...
Mark
A, B, or C in the bracket
...
(B) Gopal asked me if I was angry with him
...
(1)1
c
...
Mark A, B, or C in the bracket
for the correct speech
...
(8) She asked me if I shall attend her birth day party
...
Choose the correct tense-sequence not of the following sentences and write A, B, or C for the
correct one
...
(B) Raja asked me if I had written a letter to Lakshmi
(C) Rajan asked me if l have received his message
III
...
Which of the following has a correct form of assertive type
...
114
(1)1
(C) Swetha asked Sam when had he broken that cup
(1)1
b
...
(B) Grace asked Manju where was she going
...
(1)1
IV
...
“Did u do your homework”?
(d) The teacher said to him, “Have you visited Taj Mahal”?
(e) He said to me, “Am I disturbing you”?
(5)5
V
...
(a) Varun said to me, “When will the match start”?
(b) Sunil said to me, “When are they are going to come”?
(c) She said to her husband, “who was in the room”?
(d) I said to her, “Why are you crying”?
(e) Raghu said “How are they going there”?
(5)5
VI
...
(d) He asked me why I had come late the pervious day
...
115
( 5)5
Q
...
9
...
Item Analysis
To understand the difficulty level of each question item analysis is done
...
4
...
5
...
Item Difficulty
The proportion students answering correctly is taken for the difficulty value of a test
item
...
If an item is answered correctly by 80% of
the pupils, it is comparatively an easy item, its difficulty value being 0
...
If only 15% of the
pupils answered, then, it is a difficult item and its difficulty value is 0
...
we should understand
that a low difficulty value indicates a hard item, while an easy item has a high difficulty value
...
9
...
b
...
Rank list is prepared and then top 27% and bottom 27% of the candidates are taken
...
For each item the
proportion of bottom-scoring students who get a particular item right is subtracted from the
proportion of the top-scoring ones who also get it right
...
4
...
LET US SUM UP
Listening and Speaking are language skills of even illiterates
Ear-training is needed for fast acquisition language skills
...
Minimal pair drill is to be adopted for distinguishing confusing sounds
116
Stress and Intonation should be practice for effective speech
Learners have to be familiar with all the 44 sounds
4
...
KEY WORDS
Tape script
: listening material that is recorded in a cassette
Cooperative Learning : learning by sharing
Extempore speech
: speech made without any prior preparation
Phoneme
: smallest sound unit
...
Content words
: the words that can independently give meaning
Predetermination
: the result has already been decided by previous events (in
cricket predetermined shots normally result in a six or a four or even
losing the wicket)
4
...
ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
1
...
The level of the participants should be known
...
The relationship between the communications
...
The mode of communication whether through spoken or written
...
The pharynx, the lips, the teeth, the teeth ridge, the hard palate and the soft palate
...
When the speakers are not able to distinguish between the similar sound, the minimal drill is
practiced
...
Stress means the aspect of giving greater prominence to some of the syllables
...
The aspect of changing the stress from one syllable to the other is called stress shift
...
6
...
7
...
117
UNIT – V
STRUCTURE
5
...
MICRO TEACHING:
5
...
1
...
5
...
2
...
5
...
3
...
5
...
4
...
5
...
5
...
5
...
6
...
1
...
a
...
5
...
6
...
Skill of Stimulus Variation
...
1
...
c
...
5
...
6
...
Skill of Probing Questions
...
1
...
e
...
5
...
DEMONSTRATION CLASS
5
...
NEED FOR LINK LESSON IN MICRO TEACHING
5
...
LET US SUM UP
5
...
KEY WORDS
5
...
ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
118
5
...
MICRO TEACHING:
5
...
1
...
Such a situation
offers a helpful setting for an inexperienced teacher trainee to acquire new teaching skills and to
refine old ones
...
Definitions:
Allen: “Scaled-down teaching encounter in class size and class time”
...
McAleese and Unwin suggest that the term micro-teaching is often applied to the use of closed
circuit television to give immediate feedback of a trainee teacher‟s performance in a simplified
environment, but insist that micro-teaching is best viewed as a form of simulated teaching
usually incorporating reduced complexity and some feedback placed”
...
1
...
Characteristics of Micro Teaching
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
3
...
It was in 1967 micro-teaching was referred in India when Tiwari attempted a project on
micro-teaching in the Central Pedagogical Institute at Allahabad
...
Allen, one of the pioneers of micro-teaching
119
visited India during this time and it helped popularize the concept among teacher educators
...
NCERT in collaboration with the CASE and the Indore University which gave way for
NCTE to recognize micro-teaching in the teacher education programme
...
Many researchers have found the rationale for micro-teaching in teacher education
programme
...
The teacher trainee concentrate only on one skill at a time, hence, the practice
becomes quite easy
...
Micro-teaching gives exact feedback that too immediately
...
As it is a miniaturized practice there is no problem of classroom discipline
...
There is no administrative problem, problems of space or any other problem in
carrying out micro-teaching practice
...
The Indian model of micro-teaching has the following features:
1
...
2
...
Teacher educators also give
feedback
...
It is conducted in a simulated situation
...
4
...
5
...
Observer‟s schedule is prepared and the observers record the aspect
of teaching in the schedule and that helps the teacher trainees to get a proper feedback
...
Check your progress
1
...
Give any two characteristics of micro-teaching
...
1
...
MICRO TEACHING CYCLE
Planning a
Micro-lesson
Refeedback
Teaching
Reteaching
Feedback
Replanning
121
5
...
5
...
Step 1: Planning a Micro-lesson
...
Step 2: Teaching Session
...
Step 3: Feedback
...
Step 4: Replanning Session
...
Step 5: Reteaching Session
...
Step 6: Refeedback: The supervisor and the observers again discusses on the level of practice
and give feedback to improve his teaching skills
...
1
...
PRACTICE OF RELEVANT SKILLS:
5
...
6
...
Skill of Reinforcement
Everybody in the classroom expects some kind of recognition for their responding
behavior
...
When the efforts of any individual are recognized then the efficiency in their works get
enhanced
...
The Sub-skills of Skill of Reinforcement
1
...
)
2
...
Negative verbal reinforcers
4
...
Extra verbal reinforcers
6
...
Writing pupils‟ responses on the blackboard
...
1
...
b
...
Movement of the teacher
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
Voice Modulation
5
...
6
...
The Sub-skills of Skill of Explaining
1
...
Explaining Links
3
...
Questions Followed by Correct Response
5
...
1
...
d
...
Prompting Technique
2
...
Refocusing
4
...
Critical Awareness
5
...
6
...
Skill of Using Blackboard
Blackboard needs to be used quite meaningfully
...
Students cannot gain anything from this kind of blackboard
usage
...
Hence,
teachers have to use it meticulously in order to give the students „photographic memory‟ from
the blackboard
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
The main components of this skill are legibility in handwriting, neatness in using the blackboard
and using it appropriately
...
Blackboard can be used for teaching any language item
...
The teachers should effectively use it for the benefit of the students
...
One should be for reference area and the
other for working area
...
In reference area the teacher can write all the specific instructional
objectives aimed to teach in that particular period
...
Blackboard sketches for Developing Aural-oral Skills
Blackboard sketches are more useful for the situational teaching of English
...
Blackboard sketches will kindle
the imaginative power of the children
...
Even roughly
drawn sketches will attract the attention of the children
...
Blacboard sketches have great advantage over picture is that they are done in front of the
children
...
Blackboard sketches for Developing Reading and Writing skills
While using the blackboard for writing the meaning of the words verbally he can use
simple sketches also
...
124
Since the teacher writes the alphabet in front of the students, they will easily imitate the method
of writing from him
...
Check your progress
3
...
Mention any two sub-skills of „skill of explaining‟
...
2
...
Before presenting model
to the student-teachers, the subject experts are acquainted with the theory of the skill under
practice
...
The trainees observe
the demonstration, take note of important behaviours of the skill and try to acquire the
demonstrated behavior through practice
...
Thus, in demonstration strategy the student-teacher learns through observation
...
According to Gagne‟s conditions of learning, acquaintance of the
trainee with the relevant theory of the skill to be practiced, fulfills the primary need of the trainee
and then he prepares himself for the acquisition of the demonstrated behavior
...
3
...
In this setting, they expected to link all
the skills that they practiced
...
Linking the
component teaching skills is thus a process in which this ability is acquired
...
Check your progress
5
...
4
...
Micro-teaching is not teaching but a practice that the trainees do
...
Skills of Stimulus Variation, Reinforcement, Probing question and Explaining are
practised
...
Demonstration is done by Teacher Education
...
5
...
Prompting
- making somebody to do something
...
Aural-Oral
- listening and speaking
...
6
...
Micro-teaching is a „scaled down teaching encounter‟ in which a teacher trainee teaches a
small unit to a group of 5 to 10 students for a small period of 5 to 10 minutes
...
i
...
ii
...
3
...
4
...
Beginning Statement
...
Explaining Links
...
Questions to Test Pupil Understanding
...
After completing the Micro-teaching practice by the students, the subject expert take a
incorporating all the micro-skills
...
127
UNIT – VI
STRUCTURE
6
...
INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS:
6
...
1
...
6
...
2
...
6
...
3
...
6
...
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
6
...
LANGUAGE LABORATORY
6
...
1
...
6
...
2
...
6
...
MULTIMEDIA FOR ELT
6
...
WEB-BASED LANGUAGE LEARNING
6
...
LET US SUM UP
6
...
KEY WORDS
6
...
ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
128
6
...
INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS:
Instructional aids are used in the classroom to encourage learning and thereby make it easier
and interesting
...
which help a teacher for effective teaching may be called instructional aids
...
Classification of Aids
Instructional aids can be classified into three main categories
l
...
Visual aids
3
...
1
...
Audio- Visual Aids
Audio Aids
Visual Aids
Audio-Visual Aids
Tape recorders
Printed
Non-printed
Motion Pictures
Radio
Books
Blackboard
Television
Lingua phone
Newspapers
Pictures
Magazines
Charts
Flash cards
Models
Slides
&
slide
projector
LCD projector
Film strips
6
...
2
...
They can be used to teach words,
pronunciation etc
...
Pictures: School children are enthused by pictures
...
Pictures are
129
used to explain the meaning of some difficult words
...
Charts: Chart is the easiest and cost-effective teaching aid
...
It is the timesaving teaching aid for teaching structures by Substitution Tables
...
It is also useful to minimal pair drill
...
Vocabulary, pronunciation and main points of
the lesson also can be taught through chart
...
Models: Models also play a vital role in teaching of English
...
Some real objects like ship, Indian Parliament etc
...
In that case, models will be much useful
...
"A blackboard is an easily available, dependable visual aid
...
There are many advantages of blackboard
...
Printed Visuals: Printed visuals like, books, newspaper and magazines are vital in promoting
self-leaning
...
So,
teachers have to encourage the students to rely more on the printed visuals for learning English
...
1
...
Electronic Aids – Overhead Projector, Tape Recorder, Lingua Phone Records,
Radio, Television
...
The teacher can make his own slides
with camera
...
Filmstrips: Film Strips are very useful in many respects
...
They are used on a slide projector or a film strip projector
...
Ear training in very important
for developing listening skill
...
Tapes are available for good pronunciation, prose
reading, poem recitation, stress, intonation etc
...
Tape Recorder is useful for self-examination, selfcriticism and self–education
...
There are
records available on speeches of great personalities
...
The new concept of Language Laboratory is strengthened by lingua
phone
...
Lectures, talks and addresses of
important personalities can be heard on A
...
R
...
Fredric Wittis says, " I like to think of education by radio as a timely, vital, dramatic thing, a
system of learning or acquiring more information, means of widening one's horizon or enriching
one's life and breaking down prejudices through inspiration and prescription, and education by
desire and not by discipline, a pattern of swiftly changing pictures, events
...
When we are successful in using Radio and Tape-recorder for the
educational purposes, they are not able to hold the audience to the required level
...
The blessing that we got
to eliminate this problem is Television
...
There are many subject oriented CDs available in the markets
with quite interesting way of presenting the content
...
Recent trend of putting the Ramayan, the Mahabharath, the Bible, the Jataka Tales and
other stories through cartoon networks have made our children be aware of the culture and rich
religious background of our India
...
When teachers use educational television programs during class, the relationship between
them and their students have desirable changes
...
Educational programs change
131
the status quo by, in a way, making the educator and children peers who can share and discuss
the viewing experience
...
Educators can set specific goals or activities for
students in these small groups, which allows them to explore their own questions and share their
ideas on the given topic with their classmates
...
Check your progress
1
...
What do you mean by Visual Aids?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3
...
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
6
...
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
The principles of programmed learning were mainly drawn from the “operant
conditioning” model
...
To put it simply, the learner should make an error free response and it
should be confirmed by knowledge of result
...
The following programme on The Principles of
programmed learning was developed in U
...
A
...
The teacher trainees are advised to read each frame
carefully
...
Learning should be fun
...
When a student makes errors he starts disliking the subject
3
...
They support „trial and error‟learning
...
If programmed well, the student will make very few error
...
Small and easy steps (I principle)
...
A programme is made of a large number of easy-to-take steps
7
...
8
...
9
...
Self-pacing (IV principle)
...
11
...
Revision of a programme on the basis of student performance
is called the principle of student testing
...
Small Steps
2
...
Immediate confirmation
4
...
Student testing
133
Many people feel that the application of these principles will cause a fundamental change
in our educational techniques
...
By revising our programmes on the basis of
these records, we can develop programmes which teach more efficiently
...
Check your progress
4
...
What are the principles of Programmed Learning?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6
...
LANGUAGE LABORATORY
6
...
1
...
It is felt that tradition English class doesn‟t have required scope for learning
English at a desired level
...
134
In the present era of globalization, multinational companies demand a wide variety of soft
skills and life skills along with technical skills
...
Language laboratory is a concept introduced to improve the
communication skills of engineering students
...
Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) serves as the motivating factor to
increase students‟ interest in language learning
...
CALL helps to introduce English speech
sounds, accent, stress, rhythm and intonation to neutralize the influence of the mother tongue or
in other words, in many situations there is no influence of mother in language laboratories
...
Such learning allows weak learners to learn language at their
own pace with minimum assistance
...
With internet, a new platform of CALL systems has evolved
...
The main advantage of such technological packages is that they enable reading,
writing, speaking and listening to be combined in a single activity, with the learner
exercising a high degree of control over the path that he/she follows through the
learning materials
...
Technology promotes the acquisition of autonomous learning developing the
learner‟s critical faculties
...
There is a high level of interaction (human-machine and humanhuman) formed since teacher too is available in such Labs as a facilitator
...
135
As English is a non-phonetic language, learning the pronunciation of English words is
very difficult
...
Technology helps teaching and learning of speaking and reading to great extent that
makes the learning to use English in a balanced way in their life situation
...
3
...
Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL)
There is no field in the world which doesn‟t use the utility of the computer
...
Use of computer technology in classrooms motivates both students and
teachers
...
Integration
of technology in education is practised as a supplement to human capabilities
...
It has facilities for both teaching and testing
...
The functions of this type of instruction are:
Entry behaviour of the students is tested
Easily understandable language materials
...
Language games inspire the students for learning
...
Continuous programmes on language items prepare the students to use English globally
...
Language Laboratory can do wonder in giving the learners the perfect
language acquisition
...
Whatever the language
that the students acquire is error free
...
So, there are many benefits we get from computer Assisted Instruction
...
136
6
...
MULTIMEDIA FOR ELT
Multimedia has stretched its wings to all fields including education
...
The conventional way of teaching English has been
drastically changed with the use of technology
...
Students are more comfortable and confident in using
technology and this promotes learning of English as easier
...
So, due importance has to be given to English, and of
course, English has a privileged position in India
...
Apart from this, English is the language of trade and in academic circle English is taught
as a I language, II language and III language
...
But, most of the students have nightmarish experience
...
Multimedia in English Classsroom
Technology helps in all possible ways to make English classroom a place for learning
...
The use of multimedia means
use of print texts, film and internet that develops language skills in English
...
Thus they greatly
increase their overall knowledge base, as well as their English language and critical literacy
skills, facilitating their performance in future college courses
...
Internet has given the
students a wide range of collection of English language texts
...
Instruction was personified commonly by the teachers
standing behind a lectern or by the teacher marking errors on student texts (Blair, 1997)
...
It is mandatory for anybody who wishes to learn more and the learning expected
137
to be innovative and fresh, the only option for us is internet
...
So,
teachers and students have to capitalize this situation for their academic benefit
...
5
...
The use of internet has given the
education sector a giant leap in the perspective of amount of learning and quality of learning and
of course, the innovativeness in all fields
...
English, being taught as a second
language, is crippled with the teachers‟ use of language, especially, in pronunciation perspective
...
Any topic of reference, you search for, there is a treasure of information available in the various
websites
...
As we browse in the internet, we are exposed to treasure of information
...
There are millions of articles
published on the internet by specialists
...
To avoid wasting our time
Directories help in a great deal
...
6
...
Tape-recorder helps in Micro-teaching and develops listening skills
...
Visual aids support the teaching and facilitates learning and retention
...
7
...
8
...
The aids that help in making teaching easier are called Instructional aids
...
Teaching aids that helps in learning through seeing are called visual aids
...
i
...
ii
...
4
...
Students‟ speeches can be recorded then
assessed and guided
...
i
...
ii
...
iii
...
iv
...
v
...
139
UNIT – VII
STRUCTURE
7
...
PRINCIPLES OF CURRICULUM CONSTRUCTION
7
...
LIMITATIONS IN THE EXISTING SCHOOL CURRICULUM
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
7
...
1
...
Principles of Child-Centredness
Curriculum is mainly meant for the children only
...
B
...
So, social needs and regional needs of
the learners should be counted
...
Principle of Balance
Curriculum should produce the children who are not biased and having any inhibition
...
D
...
He has to be intellectually
strong
...
He needs to perform all the duties that he is entrusted with
both in family life and social life
...
Principle of Utility
Curriculum should provide the child to lead a happy life
...
F
...
So,
curriculum should help in developing creativity in the children
...
Principle of Variety
Students are with different caliber in knowledge, traditions, intelligence, ability, aptitude
and attitude
...
Principle of Flexibility
Curriculum should not be rigid
...
I
...
That way, the curriculum should give
enough knowledge about the contemporary life
...
2
...
However the curriculum planners try to give a comprehensive and utility oriented
curriculum, there are, definitely a few issues which hamper to realize the objectives of
curriculum
...
The main limitation in the existing school curriculum is irrelevant
curriculum
...
When people say the
curriculum is irrelevant they mean to say that on learning the curriculum, the learners are not
going to get much benefit
...
Curriculum and the level of the students should the teachers in this aspect
...
Though the curriculum is planned keeping the target group in mind, and yet it is
directionless
...
Most of the
educators feel the curriculum becomes irrelevant when it is fixed and trivial
...
Sub-standard testing is the main cause that blocks to realized the potential in the
curriculum
...
Our testing pattern is so low that our
students don‟t feel the importance of internalizing the curriculum
...
These all situations render their might against the
duty of the curriculum
...
So, the main limitations of existing school
curriculum are 1) Lack of clear-cut objectives, 2) Sub-standard Textbooks, 3) Unsatisfactory
Evaluation system
...
3
...
Vocabulary and Structure:
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
B
...
Introducing new vocabulary should be put in an interesting subject matter
...
The variety of topics should correspond to the variety of interests
...
The topics should be dealt with in different forms which should provide different pieces of
composition
...
The matter has to provide new information
...
The various language items should be used in natural context
...
The sense of enjoyment can be heightened by providing some pieces of poetry
...
Exercises:
A good text book is not only meant for teaching but also for testing
...
1
...
The exercises should test as many items of vocabulary as possible
...
The test is meant for both active and passive vocabulary
...
The vocabulary and the sentence structures taught should be put to use in similar but
new situations
...
Instructions to do the exercise should invariably be clear and unambiguous
...
Exercises should be graded
...
Variety in the form of exercises is also needed
...
Illustrations:
1
...
If they are well-drawn and
realistically coloured, they make the process of learning convenient and quick
...
Too many details should not be stuffed into
...
The illustrations should be suitable for language practice
...
Illustrations should be attractive
...
Colour pictures are the most sought after ones
...
Technical Consideration:
The appearance of the book has to be attractive
...
The physical appearance of the text books should have the
following points
...
It should be printed on a quality paper
...
The type used should be bold and thick and heading and sub-headings should be in
still bolder type
...
The binding should be proper and strong and it should be flexible to turn pages
...
Misprint and Misspelt words should never be presented to the pupils
...
The book should be easy to carry
...
The price should be affordable
...
General:
It is always advisable to have Teachers‟ Handbook along with students‟ textbook
...
7
...
TEACHING PROSE, POETRY, EXTENSIVE READERS, PREPARATION OF
LESSON PLAN
Teaching Prose:
Refer 4
...
2
...
8
...
Extensive Readers:
Refer 1
...
3
Preparation of Lesson Plan:
144
LESSON PLAN: PROSE
General Instructional Objectives: The pupil
develops the listening, speaking, reading and writing skills
...
learns pronunciation of difficult words and terminologies
...
comprehension of the theme
...
Specific Instructional Objectives: The pupil
grasps the meaning of difficult words
...
learns synonyms and antonym of hard words
...
understands the meaning of a few phrases
...
discriminates the good and bad and the social evils of the society
...
learns how to face struggle with dignity
...
OHP Sheet
...
Students
: Good morning sir
...
Students
: Almost every one sir
...
145
Students
: None of our dreams comes true sir
...
What should we do to make our
dream a reality?
Students
: We don't know sir
...
His secret of success is his Dream
...
Specification
Content
Learning Experience
Evaluation
Pre-reading
I have a dream
Teacher: do you know
The lesson „I have a
Dream‟-Is it a
vanishing dream or a
dream of vision?
The different kinds of Dream
Student: We do not know sir
...
e
...
E
...
A dream of vision like
becoming an engineer, a Doctor
something like that
...
A few students are
asked to read the two
paragraphs
...
(I Paragraph)
Emancipation
The word emancipation means freedom
from political or social restrictions
...
g
...
What is meant by
„Emancipation‟?
146
Emancipation - /imænsipeiʃn/
Proclamation
Proclamation is a Public statement
...
Frame a sentence of
your own using the
word‟Proclamation‟
...
g
...
What does „captivity‟
mean?
Proclamation - /prɔkləmeiʃn/
Captivity
The state of being a prisoner e
...
The
long captivity of Tamilans in Srilanka
puts pressure on the Indian
Government
...
Proclamation-Declaration or
Announcement
What is the synonym of
the word
Captivity
Learns
Antonyms
Learns
Syllabifications
Captivity-bondage
Proclamation
Proclamation x Concealment
Captivity
Captivity x Liberation
Emancipation
Emancipation X Restriction
E-man-ci-pa-tion
So, there are 5 syllables in the word‟
Emancipation‟
Note: Each syllable contains only one
vowel sound in it
...
Emancipation Proclamation
was signed a century ago, but
still the blacks could not enjoy
the fruits of freedom
...
The anticipation of the blacks
goes higher after the
Emancipation was signed
...
„Segregation‟
/kripld/
e
...
Segregation
A ship crippled by storm
...
e
...
We oppose segregation on
religious grounds
...
e
...
some of the leader‟s of the nation
were in exile
/egzail/
Learns
Antonyms
Learns phrases
Segregation
Segregation x co-operation
Write the antonyms of
„declare‟
Discrimination
Discrimination X equality
„Crippled by the
chains‟
Denotes something worse‟
e
...
crippled the chains of poverty and
ailment
...
Even after the Proclamation
was signed, the Negroes were
treated bad and considered as
an exile in their own country
...
There was no room for the
black people to showcase their
talents, they (Negroes) were
segregated and discriminated
...
The teacher recalls all the necessary and important points to ensure the students'
understanding
...
2
...
Write the synonyms of the words 'Emancipation', 'Captivity'
...
Add a few
tips to eradicate this problem
...
To enable the pupils to recite and enjoy the music and feel for it
...
Learns some new vocabulary with their meanings
...
Learns pronunciation of difficult words
...
Appreciates the Poem
...
Learns to recite the poem rhythmically
...
Learns the pronunciation of difficult words
...
Learns the rhyming words in each stanza
...
Comprehends the meaning in each stanza
...
Appreciates the poem critically
...
Teacher : yes
...
Teacher
:
Very
good
...
It doesn‟t require much water for its growth
...
Very good
...
Specification
Content
Learning experience
Evaluation
Model Recitation
Our Casuarina Tree
The teacher recites the
poem with correct
pronunciation, stress,
intonation and pause
...
Students are asked to
recite the poem as
recited by the teacher
...
Rugged
is used to emphasis the
strength of the
Casuarina tree
...
Indented
If a tree is indented it
has notches or marks I
its edge or its surface
...
Repose
Repose is a state in
which both your body
and your mind are
resting, for example
when you are asleep
...
Rhyming wordsare
used to give beauty
and music to the
poem
...
eg
...
He is lion in
fighting
...
1
...
Burning
bright
Grasps the main points
Our casuarina tree
A climber encircles
the casuarina tree like
a huge python
...
The flowers are
crimson colour and
hung in clusters
...
The poetess
reminisces when she
opens the casement
152
devices from the
following expressions
that have been taken
from the poem ‘our
casuarina tree’
...
winding round and
round
...
The gaint wears the
scarf
...
The water lilies
spring like snow
enmassed
...
Like a huge python
...
Appreciates the poem
critically
Our Casuarina tree
The childhood
experience and
delightment of the
poetess is very much
felt all through the
poem
...
Recapitulation:
The teacher asks some questions to check whether they understand and enjoy the poem
...
Why is the climber compared to a large python?
2
...
What does the baboon symbolize?
Check your progress
1
...
What are the methods of Teaching Reading?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3
...
What are the specific aims of Teaching Poetry?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7
...
LET US SUM UP
Steps for teaching English prose are (i) Aims, (ii)Preparation, (iii) Presentation, (iv)
Recapitulation and (v) Assignment
...
The main aim of the poetry teaching must be to kindle the student‟s interest towards
English and the poem
...
6
...
Recapitulation
-
asking questions to get the feedback of teaching
...
Eclectic Method
-
inclusive of all methods
...
7
...
i
...
Preparation
iii
...
Recapitulation
v
...
i
...
Phonic or Syllabic Method
...
Whole word Method
...
Sentence Method
...
Eclectic Method
...
This method is easy for the beginners
...
4
...
To make the students to recite the poem with proper rhyme and rhythm
ii
...
iii
...
Practicum
Awareness of different phonemic scripts
...
Oral practice in word stress and sentence stress
An album of Phonetic scripts, and articulation of vowels and consonants
...
An oral test assessing the teacher trainees, knowledge and mastery of the various areas in
Grammar
...
Practice in the use a dictionary
...
Practice in writing different types of composition exercises
...
155
References
Dhand, H
...
Techniques of Teaching
...
H
...
Techniques of Classroom Teaching
...
Aggarwal
...
C
...
Principles, Methods & Techniques of Teaching
...
Chauhan, S
...
(2008)
...
UP: Vikas Publishing House
Pvt
...
Venkateswaran, S
...
Principles of Teaching English
...
Ltd
...
N
...
Principles and Techniques of Education
...
Sharma, R
...
(2008)
...
Delhi: Surjeet Publications
...
C
...
The English Teacher’s Handbook
...
Bennett, W
...
(1969)
...
London: Cambridge
University Press
...
W
...
Computer and Language Learning
...
Francis Soundararaj, F
...
Teaching Spoken English and Communication Skills
...
(1995)
...
Chennai: T
...
Publication
...
(1977)
...
London: Longman
...
R
...
Language teaching games and contexts
...
Krishnaswamy and Lalitha Krishnaswamy
...
Bangalore: Macmillan India Ltd
...
S
...
The Teaching of Structural Words and Sentence Patterns