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insulin sensitivity, aiding in weight management, and
reducing blood pressure
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Stress
Stress activates a neurohormonal response in the body that results in increased heart rate, blood
pressure, and cardiac excitability
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A study found that the effect of stress on CVD risk is comparable to that of
hypertension
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The guidelines have no specific
recommendation but recommend that the saturated fat is increased
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It is recommended that intake of animal protein, especially red meat and high
fat dairy be decreased
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Most Trans fatty acids intake comes from these partially
hydrogenated oils (PHOs)
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Trans fat intake is inversely
associated with HDL levels
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However, replacing SFAs with MUFAs (as would happen when substituting olive oil for butter)
lowers serum cholesterol levels, LDL cholesterol levels, and triglyceride levels
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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
The essential fatty acid linoleic acid (LA) is the predominant PUFA consumed in the American
diet; its effect depends on the total fatty acid profile of the diet
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High intakes of omega-6 PUFAs may exert adverse effects on the
function of vascular endothelium or stimulate production of proinflammatory cytokines
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When SFAs are
replaced with PUFAs in a low-fat diet, LDL and HDL cholesterol levels are lowered
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids
The main omega-3 fatty acids are high in fish oils, fish oil capsules, and ocean fish
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Patients who have
hypertriglyceridemia need 2 to 4 g of EPA and DHA per day for effective lowering
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Fish oil consumption has been associated with high levels
of HDL cholesterol
Dietary Cholesterol
The ACC/AHA guidelines no longer make this recommendation, and they specifically state that
dietary cholesterol does not raise LDLs
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However it is important to remember that most high
cholesterol foods are also high in saturated fats that do raise LDL cholesterol
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The USDA My Plate, the DASH diet, and the Mediterranean diet pattern emphasize
fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, so they are innately high in fiber
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Antioxidants
A dietary pattern that includes increased amounts of whole grains has increased amounts of
vitamin E

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