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Title: Urinary System-Study Notes.
Description: All of the important details are well described and illustrated in the document.
Description: All of the important details are well described and illustrated in the document.
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Topic: The Urinary system
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They maintain the body’s internal environment by:
Osmoregulation
Regulates concentrations of ions in the extracellular fluids
Acid-base balance
Excretes metabolic wastes
Produces erythropoietin and renin
Activates vitamin D
Gluconeogenesis
• Urinary system components:
Ureters
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Protection by the lower part of the rib cage
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Adult’s kidney mass: 150 g
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The tissues surrounding each kidney include:
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Perirenal fat capsule
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Renal ptosis is the caudal acquired displacement of one or both of the kidneys,
with different degree and etiology, considered as a urological pathology because of
its urodynamic changes
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pregnancy and childbirth
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Hydronephrosis is swelling of one or both kidneys
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This
can occur from a blockage in the tubes that drain urine from the kidneys (ureters)
or from an anatomical defect that doesn't allow urine to drain properly
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Pelvis
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Cortex
• Characteristics of Kidney:
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It has a light colored, granular appearance
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Renal Medulla: The part with dark reddish brown color is renal medulla
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The pyramids appear striped because they are
formed almost entirely of parallel bundles of microscopic urine collecting tubules and
capillaries
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Renal Column: The renal columns, inward extensions of cortical tissue, separate the
pyramids
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Branching extensions of the pelvis form two or three major “calyces
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The urine then flows through the renal pelvis and into the ureter,
which moves it to the bladder to be stored
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The urine then flows
through the renal pelvis and into the ureter, which moves it to the bladder to be stored
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Pyelitis: Pyelitis is an infection of the renal pelvis and calyces
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Less often they result from blood borne
bacteria (traveling from other infected sites) that lodge and multiply in a kidney
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Untreated, the kidney may be severely damaged, but antibiotic therapy can usually treat
the infection successfully
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Kidneys often cleanse their blood, thus they have rich pure blood
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Renal arteries deliver a large portion of the blood to the kidneys
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Renal arteries exit from the abdominal aorta to the kidneys where they divide into 5
different segmental arteries
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Each segmental artery branches further to form several interlobar arteries
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They further branch into arcuate arteries at the cortex medulla junction
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They then arc over the bases of the medulla pyramids
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Small cortical radiate arteries radiate outwards from arcuate arteries
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After this, the blood drains down to the cortical radiate, arcuate, interlobar and then finally
to the renal veins
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The renal veins are the veins that drain through the kidneys and end up at the inferior vena
cava
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Then comes the Renal plexus which is a variable network of nerve fibre and provides the
nerve supply to the kidneys
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Nephrons:
These are the structural and functional units of kidney
Each kidney consist of 1 million nephrons carrying out urine formation process
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Renal corpuscle
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Renal Tubule
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The tuft of capillaries is called
glomerulus
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The endothelium of glomerular
capillaries is fenestrated, resulting
in highly porous capillaries
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This
derives the filtrate which provide
raw material in urine process
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It is a cup- shaped structure that
encloses
glomerulus
completely
surrounding like a baseball in gloves
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It has an external parietal layer and a
visceral layer that clings to the
glomerular capillaries
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It is about 3 cm long
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It has three major parts:
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Proximal Tubule
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After that twists around distal convoluted tubule before
emptying into collecting duct
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Their epical surfaces
bear dense microvilli
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Distal Convoluted Tubule:
The epithelial cells are cuboidal and confined to
cortex
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Nephron Loop:
It is U-shaped formerly called Loop of Henle
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Ascending limb
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Descending limb
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The proximal part of descending limb is continuous with
proximal tubule and its cell are also similar
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Collecting duct:
It consists of two types of cells:
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Intercalated cells
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As collecting duct
approach renal pelvis it fuses and
delivers urine into minor calyces
through papillae
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• Glomerulus:
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• Peritubular Capillary Beds:
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Instead they form bundles of long straight vessels
called vasa recta that extend deep into the medulla paralleling the longest loops of Henle
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In summary, the microvasculature of the nephrons consists of two capillary beds
separated by intervening efferent arterioles
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Title: Urinary System-Study Notes.
Description: All of the important details are well described and illustrated in the document.
Description: All of the important details are well described and illustrated in the document.