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Imagery
Imagery Definition = An experience that mimics a real experience
...
It differs from dreams in that we are awake and
conscious when we form an image (White&Hardy, 1998)
Other Terminology:
Mental Practice = the cognitive rehearsal of a task prior to performance
(Driskell et al, 1994)
Mental Rehearsal = the cognitive rehearsal of a task in the absence of
overt physical movement (McDonald et al, 2008)
Visualization = the formation of mental visual images (Merriam-Webster
Dictionary, 2015)
Imagery mimics a real experience due to Functional Equivalence
Shared neural activity patterning (particularly motor areas)
- This is an important form of mental practice for both developing
and elite athletes
- Imagery + Physical Practice > Physical Practice Only
Visual Imagery
- Can be seen from two different perspectives
→ Internal visual imagery perspective
→ External visual imagery perspective
- Most people tend to prefer one over the other but can often
switch between the two
Internal Visual Imagery
- Often referred to as a first person perspective
- Viewing the scenario through your own eyes
- Useful when wanting to practice timing of movements or
experience a particular situation
External Visual Imagery
- Often referred to as a third person perspective
- Viewing yourself from someone else’s perspective
or if watching yourself on TV
- Useful to see how movements should look
Kinaesthetic Imagery
- Feelings and sensations associated with the image
- Often referred to as a third person perspective
- Viewing yourself from someone else’s perspective
or if watching yourself on TV
- Useful to see how movements should look
Kinaesthetic Imagery
- Feelings and sensations associated with the image
→ Muscles contracting
→ Breathing in cold air
→ Feel of equipment
→ Proprioception and joint position
Imagery is deliberate and conscious, so
can be used anywhere and anytime
The 4 W's
- Where do they image
- When do they do it
- What = content
- Why
Benefits of Imagery in Sport
- Learn and improve skills and techniques
- Modify cognitions
- Learn/develop plans and strategies
- Manage emotions
- Enhance motivation
Pavio's 2x2 Framework
Specific
General
Cognitive
Cognitive Specific (to
improve skills)
Cognitive General
(to improve plans,
strategies, routines)
Motivational
Motivational Specific
(to motivate the athlete
to achieve specific
goals)
Motivational
General
Motivational General- Arousal
(to regulate arousal and anxiety)
Motivational General- Mastery
(to modify cognitions)