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Chemistry
1
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Separation of pollutants: This can be done by the following steps:
(i)

Trees should be grown in all available places
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This purifies the air for man and animal to breath
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Planting of such
species should be encouraged to depollute the air
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(ii)

Good quality fuel (low – sulphur or sulphur – free and lead – free fuel) should be
used in motor vehicles
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These Steps can reduces SO2 pollution
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(iv)

Industrial smoke should be filtered before releasing it into the air to remove
particulate matter
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(vi)

Mining area should be afforestated
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Definition: Water pollution is defined as the addition of some foreign substance
(organic, inorganic, biological or radiological) to water, or change in its physical property
(heat) that contistitutes a health hazard or otherwise make it less fit or unfit for use
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Some pollution
occurs naturally too
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Decaying of organic matter also pollutes water
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Polluted water cannot be used for drinking and cooking
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2
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3
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Indicate in a tabular from, the various types of water pollutants and their effects
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Class of pollutant

Effect

Inorganic pollutants:
1
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, metals coming
out from chromium plating
industry
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Affects the human health and aquatic
animals
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Cyanides, hydrogen sulphides,
carbon dioxid, nitrogen dioxide
and sulphides
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4
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, compounds

Eutrophication of the Pond causes
excess growth of the algae and
subsequently the ponds get dried up
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4
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Algae
cannot grow properly
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Mention various methods to be adopted to control of water pollution
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Taking bath and washing clothes directly in ponds, tanks and streams, which supply
drinking water for humans, should be prohibited
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Separate ponds and tanks should be reserved for the water supply to cattle and other
animals
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Domestic and farmyard sewage and industrial waste should be suitably “treated”
before releasing them into water
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4
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As far as possible less stable
pesticides should be used
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Hot water should be cooled before being released from factories
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Solid wastes should be recycled wherever possible
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Give a brief account of soil pollution
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Here, soil productivity includes both the quantity and
the quality of the produce
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Types of soil pollutants: Many materials adversely affect the physical, chemical and
biological properties of the soil and reduce its productivity
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Chemicals, 2
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Fertilizers and organic manure, 4
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Discarded materials
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They may kill essential soil organisms which contribute to the structure and
fertility of soil
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Many pesticides or their degradation products are absorbed by plants and may
reach animals and humans via food chains, and prove harmful
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Types of soil pollution: There are two types of soil pollution
...
Positive soil pollution: Reduction in productivity of the soil due to the addition of
undesirable substances ( industrial wastes, pesticides, inorganic fertilizers, radioactive
dust and discarded materials) is called positive soil pollution
...
Negative soil pollution: Fertility of the soil depends on the minerals it contains
...
Hence, the top layer must remain intact
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The loss of soil productively by reduction in its mineral contents or by
destruction of its top layer is termed negative soil pollution
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Give a brief account of noise pollution and its effect
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Although noise pollution is not caused by chemicals it is equally harmful
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Loud noise of about 150dB cause immediate
hearing impairment, while sound levels in the range of 120 – 150dB affect on prolonged
exposure
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Noise pollution has physiological as well psychological effects
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Noise causes hearing impairment, dizziness, disorienrtation, stress, nausea and
vomiting
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3
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Loud and continuous noise decrease work efficiency, interferes with
communication and also increase frequency of errors
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Thus, control pollution is equally important to make the environment pollution
free
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Noise pollution can however be minimized by
taking the following measures
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(b)

Reduction of population exposed
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Following measures may be taken for an effective control on noise pollution
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(b)

Proper designing of doors and windows
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(d)

Tree planting
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(f)

Treatment of walls, floors and ceilings
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7
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Conservation means ‘to keep safe’ whereas preservation means ‘to maintain the
environment as it is’
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Various practices, which can help in conserving and protecting our environment, are as
follows:
1
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2
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The treatment of sewage prevents pollution of water bodies and helps in
conserving fish and other aquatic life
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New trees should be planted in place of those cut for various purpose, which will
protect the earth from excessive heating
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4
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8
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Harvesting of rain water helps in the conservation of ground water
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Composting of solid organic waste for biogas and manure
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Classification of pollutants: The pollutants are classified from different point of view
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Quantitative pollutants: These are the substances, which normally occur in nature but
are also added in large quantities by man
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It is always
present in the air, and is also released by fires, industries and automobiles
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The insecticides and herbicides, for example, are Qualitative pollutants
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1
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Sewage
and heat are pollutants of this category
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2
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DDT
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These pollutants accumulate and may get

biologically magnified as they pass through the food chains
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1
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Plastics are primary pollutants
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Secondary pollution: These are formed by the interaction among the primary
pollutants
...
,
peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN) and ozon
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This phenomenon of increased toxicity by reaction among the
pollution is called synergism
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What are the causes of air (atmospheric) pollution?
There are two main causes of air pollution
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Industrialisation and invention of automobiles have speeded up the pollution of air
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(b) Nature:
1
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Pollution of air by
volcanic eruptions in certain geological periods seem to have changed the earth’s
climate
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Fumes and fires release harmful gases
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Natural organic and inorganic decays release harmful dust and sulphurous gases
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Dust storms are another factor in the pollution of air
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Pollen, spores, cysts, bacteria and marsh gas are natural pollutants
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Atmospheric pollution existed even before the evolution of man
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10
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Types of soil pollution: There are two types of soil pollution
...
Positive soil pollution: Reduction in productivity of the soil due to the addition of
undesirable substance (industrial wastes, pesticides, inorganic fertilizers, radioactive dust
and discarded materials) is called positive soil pollution
...
Negative soil pollution: Fertility of the soil depends on the minerals it contains
...
Hence, the top layer must remain intact
...
The loss of soil productivity by reduction in its mineral contents
or by destruction of its top layer is termed negative soil pollution
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How can we conserve energy?
The following steps can help us save energy
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12
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Drive a scooter or a car only when it is very essential and there is no other
alternative
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Use of public
transport system for traveling can save petrol
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In homes, school, colleges, offices, industry, hospitals and other places, lights,
fans and coolers should be switched off when no one is inside to use it
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Modern smokeless chullahs should be used for cooking, as it avoids wasteage
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4
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should be encouraged
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Whenever possible, the use of renewable source should be preferred than using
non – renewable source
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In villages bio – gas can be produced easily
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Use of pressure cooker also energy saves energy and time
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Leakage at all levels whether in water pipe, gas pipe or oil pipe should be repaired
immediately
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Gaseous as well as particulate air pollutants cause severe respiratory damage to
respiratory system leading to disease like emphysema, bronchitis and asthma
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Carbon monoxide when inhaled reacts with haemoglobin in blood and reduces its
oxygen carrying capacity
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3
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Higher
concentration of SO2 causes shortness of breath, cough and spasm of larynx
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Nitrogen oxides cause pulmonary haemorrahage in higher concentration
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Hydrocarbon released from automobile exhaust can cause lung cancer
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Particulates such as asbestos cause scarring of lungs known as asbestosis
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7
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Lead from automobile exhaust gets accumulated in the body and damages bones
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Noise pollution can
however be minimised by taking the following important measures
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(b)

Reduction of population exposed
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Following measures may be taken for an effective control on noise pollution
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(b)

Proper designing of doors an windows
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(d)

Tree Planting
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(f)

Treatment of walls, floors and ceilings
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