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Chemistry
Carbonyl Compounds

1
...

In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is linked either to two hydrogen atoms or to one
hydrogen atom and one alkyl group
...


2
...
(or) How are aldehydes and ketones
represented?
Aldehydes and ketones may be represented as
H
|
R – C = O (where R = H or any alkyl group)
Aldehyde
O
||
R – C = R (where R and R may be same or different alkyl groups)
ketone

3
...

H
The functional group of aldehyde is

The functional group of ketones is

C = O

C = O

4
...
Why?
Since both aldehydes and ketones contain the same carbonyl group, they have
many similar chemical properties
...


In many aspect aldehydes differ from ketones
...


6
...


Write the common name and IUPAC name of the following
...

(i) CH3 – CO – CH3,
(ii)CH3 – CO – CH2 – CH3,
(iii) CH3 – CO – CH2 – CH2 – CH3,
(iv) CH3 –CH2 – CO – CH2 – CH3,
Formula

Common Name

IUPAC name

(i) CH3 – CO – CH3

Dimethyl ketone or acetone Propanone

(ii)CH3 – CO – CH2 – CH3

Ethyl methyl ketone

Butanone

(iii) CH3 – CO – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

Methyl n – propyl ketone

Pentan – 2 – one

(iv) CH3 –CH2 – CO – CH2 – CH3

Diethyl ketone

Pentan – 3 – one

8
...

The properties are due to the presence of carboxylic acid group
...
e
...

O–H

9
...
, according to the number of – COOH groups present in the
molecule 1, 2, 3, etc
...


10
...

The long chain monocarboxylic acids are commonly called fatty acids because
many of them are obtained by the hydrolysis of animal fats or vegetable oils
...
g
...


11
...

(i) HCOOH,
(ii) CH3 COOH,
(iii) CH3 CH2 COOH,
(iv) CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH
...


Write the structural formula of acetic acid
...


H

H–C–C–O–H


H O

What is glacial acetic acid? Why is it so called?
When cooled sufficiently, it forms ‘ice like’ crystals which melt at 16
...

Hence the pure anhydrous acid is usually called glacial acetic acid (Glacial = of ice)
...


How will you identify acetic acid by its odour and taste?
It has sharp vinegar odour and sour taste
...


What happens when acetic acid is treated with (i) Sodium Hydroxide, (ii) thionyl
chloride and acetyl chorides, (iii) Formation of amides, (iv) Formation of esters
...
Acetic acid can donate a
proton and form salts with bases i
...
, this shows the acidic nature of acetic acid
...
g
...

E
...
,

CH3 COOH + PCl5
Acetic acid

CH3 COCl + POCl3 + HCl
Acetyl chloride

CH3 COOH + SOCl2
Acetic acid

CH3 COCl + SO2 + HCl
Acetyl chloride

(iii)

Acetic acid reacts with ammonia to give salts, which on heating yield acetamide
...
g
...
The reaction is reversible and the forward reaction is called
esterification
...


Ethyl acetate

How are the following compounds prepared from acetic acid? (i) acetamide, (ii)
ethyl acetate, (iii) methane
...

E
...
, CH3 COOH + NH3
Acetic acid



CH3 COONH4
Ammonium acetate

CH3 CONH2 + H2O
Acetamide

(ii) Acetic acid reacts with ethyl alcohol in the presence of strong acid catalyst like
H2SO4 to form esters
...



H+

E
...
, CH3 COOH + C2 H5 OH

CH3 COO C2 H5

Acetic acid Ethyl alcohol

+

H2O

Ethyl acetate

(iii) When sodium salts of acetic acid are heated with soda lime (NaOH + CaO) alkanes
are formed
...
g
...


What are mixed Ketones? Give an example
...

Example: Ethyl methyl ketone: CH3 – CO – CH2 = CH3

18
...

Organic compounds which contain the functional group (– COOH) are called the
carboxylic acids
...


(or) R – COOH where R is an alkyl group
...

Common name: Acetic acid
...


20
...

When wood is destructively distilled in cast iron retorts, a number of products are
obtained
...


CH3COOH + NaOH
CH3COOH + NaOH

Complete the reaction
...


Give two tests for acetic acid
...
When ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is warmed with ethanol in the presence of a few drops
of concentrated sulphuric acid, a sweet smelling ester called ethyl ethanoate (or) ethylacetate is
formed
...
H2SO4

CH3 COOH + C2 H5 OH

CH3 COOC2H5

+

H2O

2
...


23
...

Decarboxylation is the elimination of CO2 from a carboxylic acid
...

CH3 COONa + NaOH
Sodium acetate

24
...

A dilute solution of acetic acid (3 – 7%) is known as vinegar
...

Acetic acid reacts with ammonia to give salts, which on heating yield acetanate
...


CH3COOH + NH3

acetobacter

…?
...
Complete the reaction
...

E
...
,
CH3 COOH + NH3 CH3
Acetic acid

COONH4



Ammonium acetate

CH3 CONH2 + H2O
Acetamide



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