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MODULE

ENGLISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Phonology, the International Phonetic Alphabet
and Vocal Tract Anatomy

Objectives:
Recognize the relationship of knowing the Phonetics in studying
Phonology
...

Distinguish between different parts and uses of vocal tract
anatomy
...


[Cite your source here
...

Phonology is concerned with how sounds function in a particular language
...
We can thus deduce that phonetics produces the raw material that
phonology uses
...


Phonology types
• Diachronic and Synchronic phonology
Diachronic phonology studies the changes that occur in the speech and
sound system of a language over a period of time while synchronic phonology
studies the sound system of a language in a particular period in time
...


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Suprasegmental phonology
Suprasegmental phonology transcends individual sound segments
...
Non-segmental or prosody
are also used instead of suprasegmental
...
It deals with speech features such as length, rhythm, stress, pitch,
intonation and loudness in speech
...

Questions
• Differentiate clearly between phonetics and phonology
• Discuss the branches of phonetics

KNOWING THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET
The system of symbols is called International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA in short
...
It comes
from the Greek word phone which means "sound"
...
It comes from the Latin word vox which means "voice"
...
For example, the vowel sound in "loud" is a diphthong
...

Consonant is a sound we make that is not a vowel
...
For example, the sound B is made when breath flow is
stopped with the lips
...
It was devised by the International
Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the
sounds of spoken language
...

The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are part of oral
language: phones, phonemes, intonation and the separation of words and syllables
...


IPA symbols are composed of one or more elements of two basic types, letters and
diacritics
...
Often, slashes are used to signal
broad or phonemic transcription; thus, /t/ is less specific than, and could
refer to, either [t̺ ʰ] or [t], depending on the context and language
...
As of the most recent change in 2005, there are 107 letters, 52
diacritics and four prosodic marks in the IPA
...

Here’s the updated chart of IPA:

For clearer
version,
kindly visit:
https://en
...
org/
wiki/Internat
ional_Phon
etic_Alphab
et

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Phonetic reference
(you can go to http://www
...
com/perfectp/phonetic_reference
...
(Look at the ASCII column
...

vowels

vowels

IPA ASCII examples

listen

IPA ASCII examples

listen

ʌ

^

CUP, LUCK

AM

eəʳ e
...
(r)

PURE, TOURIST

AM BR

e

e

MET, BED

AM

ə


...
(r)

consonants

IPA ASCII examples

listen

b

b

BAD, LA B

AM

d

d

DID, LADY

AM

f

f

FIND, IF

AM

g

g

GIVE, FLAG

AM

h

h

HOW, HELLO

AM

j

j

YES, YELLOW

AM

k

k

CAT, BACK

AM

l

l

LEG, LITTLE

AM

m m

MAN, LEMON

AM

n

n

NO, TEN

AM

ŋ

N

SING, FINGER

AM

p

p

PET, MAP

AM

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consonants

consonants

IPA ASCII examples

listen

IPA ASCII examples

listen

r

r

RED, TRY

AM

ð

TH

THIS, MOTHER

AM

s

s

SUN, MISS

AM

v

v

VOICE, FIVE

AM

ʃ

S

SHE, CRASH

AM

w

w

WET, WINDOW

AM

t

t

TEA, GETTI NG

AM

z

z

ZOO, LAZY

AM

tʃ

tS

CHECK, CHURCH

AM

ʒ

Z

PLEASURE, VISION

AM

θ

th

THINK, BOTH

AM

dʒ dZ

JUST, LARGE

AM

special symbols

IPA ASCII what it means

ˈ

'

' is placed before the stressed syllable in a word
...
n 'tr@kt] like that
...

(r) means that r is always pronounced in American English, but not in

ʳ

(r)

i

i(:)


...
n

British English
...
However, in BrE, r will be heard if (r) is followed by a vowel
...

i(:) is simply a shorter version of i: – examples: VERY ['veri(:)], ABILITY [
...
s]
...
l represents either a syllabic l or, less commonly, [
...
Syllabic l is an l

which acts as a vowel and forms a syllable, as in LITTLE ['lit
...
l]
...
n represents either a syllabic n or, less commonly, [
...
Syllabic n is an n

which acts as a vowel and forms a syllable, as in WRITTEN ['rit
...
n]
...




The IPA column gives the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (as used in
most English dictionaries for learners)
...

This is called word stress, and we say that the syllable is stressed
...
If the stressed syllable was BE,
BECOME would be pronounced like this
...
For example, the transcription for BECOME is [bi
'k^m]
...
Therefore, we don’t need to write an apostrophe before it
...


Reduced i and u
In unstressed syllables, the vowels i and u are often “reduced”
...
sound
...
makes the word easier to
pronounce
...
, we use the symbols (i) and (u)
...
l] and PRIVATE ['prai
v(i)t]
...
g
...
n]
...
The flap t sounds more
like d than like t
...
However, flap t was not used in words like WANTED and
CENTER (in which the t follows an n), because flap t is less frequent in those words
as in other types of words
...

More information about the flap t

Silent (unreleased) t and p
In American English, when T is at the end of a phrase, for example in set, minute
and What is it?, it is usually not pronounced fully
...
With the silent (unreleased) T, you just stop the flow of air
suddenly; there is no release afterwards
...
In such cases, PerfectPronunciation contains two recordings
...
The second recording contains the silent kind
...
For such words, PerfectPronunciation does not give
two recordings, but there is a note saying that the final T may be silent
...

The consonant P is also sometimes unreleased at the end of a phrase, as in UP and
HELP
...


Differences between American and British English
The vowel o is pronounced in very different ways in American English and British
English
...
The note says
that the recording has the American version of the o sound and that the British
version is different
...


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ENGLISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY

Chapter 1: VOCAL TRACT ANATOMY
Introduction:
This morning as you were singing in the shower (it’s okay, no one heard), did you
stop to think about how that sound was produced? Our vocal tract, although a
relatively small part of the human anatomy, is an amazing part of our body
...

So, how does the vocal tract work? Let's go over its function and providing a
diagram to help you understand how our bodies produce a fundamental process:
human speech
...
]
ALVEOLAR RIDGE
HARD PALATE

NOSTRIL

SOFT PALATE/ VELUM

UVULA

TEETH

PHARYNX

LIPS
FRENULUM

EPIGLOTTIS

TIP OF TONGUE

FRONT OF TONGUE

ESOPHAGUS

BACK OF TONGUE
VOCAL FOLDS

GLOTTIS

ROOF OF TONGUE
TRACHEA
LARYNX

For more information about this topic, just visit:

https://m
...
com/watch?reload=9&v=-m-gudHhLxc
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ENGLISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY

Nasal cavity

Speech sound in which the airstream passes through the
nose as a result of the lowering of the soft palate (velum)
...
It is between the roof
of the mouth and the upper teeth
...

It should have holes forming that function during speech to
separate the oral cavity (mouth) from the nose, in order to
produce oral speech sounds
...

It functions in tandem with the back of the throat, the palate,
and air coming up from the lungs to create a number of
guttural and other sounds
...

Serves as a resonating chamber for the sounds produced in
the larynx
...
The tongue tip is used
to produce half of all English consonants
...

Most important articulator in speech
...

Most important articulator in speech
...
Sound production involving it is called glottal
...

Colloquially called the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that
connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the
passage of air
...

This is where sounds are nasalized
...

The esophagus gets very important function as air reservoir,
air activator, and voice generator thus, allowing the function
of the voice resonators
...
Many languages in the world have no
orthographic (written) form at all
...
In other words, the IPA is ‘a precise and universal’ means (i
...

valid for all languages) of writing down the spoken forms of utterances as they are
spoken without reference to their orthographic representation, grammatical status, or
meaning
...
With the help of the IPA
we can easily teach the pronunciation of English or of any other language
...
The teachers and
learners of English can improve, and standardize their pronunciation and can
overcome the confusion created by the spellings with the help of the International
Phonetic Alphabet
...
youtube
...
wikipedia
...
york
...
uk/students/studying/manage/programm
es/module-catalogue/module/LAN00009C/2018-19
http://www
...
com/perfectp/phonetic_reference

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