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CHAPTER 3
Diseases of the blood and blood forming organs and
certain disorder involving the immune mechanism
Blood
Blood is a specialized body fluid and type of connective tissue in which living blood cells are suspended
in a non living fluid matrix called palsma
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Treatment : Dends on the underlying condition ,chemotherapy, growth factor therapy etc
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Pancytopenia
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Definition : A condition that occurs when there is low counts for all three types of blood cells: red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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Treatment : Includes medications, bone marrow or stem cell transplant

Essential thrombocythemia
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Definition : Uncommon disorder in which the body produces too many blood platelets
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It also
increases the risk of blood clots,includes dizziness & chest pain
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The spots may also appear on organs or mucous membranes,
including the membranes on the inside of the mouth
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Types :
 Anemia due to change in the blood components
 Anemia due to underlying conditions

Anemia due to changes in the blood components
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Definition :Most common type of anemia , by a shortage of iron in body
Cause: Loss of iron due to heavy menstruation or pregnancy,poor diet, internal bleeding &
endometriosis
Signs & Symptoms: Fatigue, tongue swelling, pale skin, fast or irregular heartbeat, cod hands and
feet, Brittle nails
Diagnostic Tests: Complete Blood Count & Endoscopy for internal bleeding
Treatment: Iron Supplements, Iron rich diet, treating the underlying cause of bleeding
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CHAPTER 3
Aplastic Anemia
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Definition :An autoimmune disease in which the body fails to produce blood cells in sufficient
numbers
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Aplastic
anemia causes a deficiency of all blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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Signs & Symptoms: Tired, pale skin, fast heart rate
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Sickle cell anemia is an
inherited red blood cell disorder and the red blood are shaped like sickles or crescent moons
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The disorder results in large numbers of red
blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia
Types :
 Alpha thalassemia occurs alpha globin protein are missing or changed (mutated)
 Beta thalassemia occurs when gene defects affect production of the beta globin protein
 Both types further divided into two as Thalassemia Major & Thalassemia Minor
Cause: Thalassemia occurs when there is a defect in a gene that helps control production of
one of these proteins and most commonly due to family history
Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, paleness
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Vitamins linked to vitamin deficiency anemia include folate, vitamin B-12
and vitamin C
Cause: A lack of any one of several vitamins B12, folate (also known as folic acid), or vitamin C
causes vitamin deficiency anemia, Diet, celiac disease, smoking & Alcohol abuse
Symptoms: Fatigue, Dizziness, pale skin, SOB, irregular heartbeat, numbness & cold feeling in
hands & feet
Diagnostic Tests: Complete Blood Count
Treatment: Vitamins rich diet, iron supplement

Hemolytic Anemia
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Definition : A disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made
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When blood loss is rapid, blood pressure falls, and people may
be dizzy
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Cause: Excessive bleeding due to injury, surgery, childbirth or ruptured blood vessel, Hemorrhoids,
nose bleed, ulcer, heavy menstruation
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This is known as idiopathic anemia
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Chronic anemia, on the other hand, is generally a gradual decline in RBCs, and causes include
iron or other nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, drug-induced, and other causes
Hemorrhagic anemia is a condition that develops when there is loss of large amount of blood
quickly

Anemia due to underlying condition
Anemia due to any underlying conditions such as Cancer, Chronic kidney disease & chemotherapy
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Occur as a direct effect of the neoplasm, it may be due to products of the cancer, or
it may develop as a result of the cancer treatment itself
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The treatment for this is treating the underlying cancer & medicines, blood transfusion etc
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As a result,
the bone marrow makes fewer red blood cells, causing anemia
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Treatment would be treating the CKD and iron supplements

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CHAPTER 3
Anemia due to chemotherapy
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Some of the drugs used in chemotherapy can kills formation of red blood cells from bone marrow
which results anemia
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Eating enough folatecontaining foods may help to prevent chemotherapy induced anemia

Common Procedures associated with Blood
Bone Marrow aspiration / Biopsy

Bone marrow aspiration:
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The doctor makes a small incision, then inserts a hollow needle through the bone and into the bone
marrow
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The patient feels brief sharp pain or stinging
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Both of these procedure is used to detect any of the condition which is related with bone marrow
such as cancer, myelofibrosis or myloblastic syndrome and fevers of unknown origin

Stem cell transplant:
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Stem cell transplantation (SCT), sometimes referred to as bone marrow transplant, is
a procedure in which a patient receives healthy stem cells to replace damaged stem cells
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This is called "conditioning treatment
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This process is called “engraftment
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Blood Transfusion:
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An injection of a volume of blood, previously taken from a healthy person and infused into a
patient

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