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GENERAL ANATOMY 2
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY

MOUTH AND THE REGIONS SURROUNDING IT
LIPS
Two fleshy folds that circumscribe the mouth and close the buccal cavity in front
...

The lips consists of five layers:
1
...
Superficial fascia- loosely arranged; contains some fat
3
...
Submucous tissue- contains vessels and mucous labial glands
...
Mucous membrane- innermost layer of the lip
MOUTH PROPER
The oral cavity is conveniently divided by the arch formed by the teeth and gums into the “oral vestibule”
which lies between the gums and the cheeks, and the “oral cavity proper” which lies behind and within the
arch of the teeth
...

Boundaries of the ORAL VESTIBULE:
1
...
Laterally- cheeks
3
...

The Stensen’s or parotid duct opens into the oral vestibule on a small papilla located opposite the upper
second molar
...
Anteriorly and laterally- teeth and gums
2
...
Inferiorly- tongue and floor of the mouth
4
...
Each is represented as a deep groove lying
between the mandible and the root of the tongue and placed upon the mylohyoid and the hyoglossus
muscles
...
On each side of the frenulum, the lingual vein appears
as a prominent blue line
...
The sublingual fold, a ridge of mucous membrane, passes laterally
and backward from the papilla and overlies the sublingual gland
...

SUBLINGUAL GLAND
Smallest of the salivary glands and rests upon the mylohyoid muscle in the sublingual fossa close to the
symphysis menti
...

The gland is indicated by the sublingual fold which is found between the alveolus and anterior part of the
tongue
...
It also
lines the mark of the submaxillary duct and the lingual nerve
...

SUBMAXILLARY (SUBMANDIBULAR) GLAND
Located at the submandibular fossa below the mylohyoid muscle
...
It opens in the sublingual
papilla beside the lingual frenulum
...
The cheeks (buccae) resembles the lips in their structure,
having the same five layers:
1
...
Superficial fascia containing the zygomaticus major, risorius and platysma muscles; parotid duct,
branches of the facial and trigeminal nerves
3
...

4
...
Mucous membrane
In the region of the cheek, the subcutaneous fat increases to form the so-called “sectorial fat pad” located
on the buccinator's muscle and partly under and in front of the masseter
...
It crosses forward on the buccinator's muscle
and becomes the angular artery at the corner of the mouth
...
They are continuous with the mucosa of the oral vestibule externally and the
palate or the floor of the mouth internally
...
Although quite vascular, the gums are not very sensitive
...

TEETH
Studied in your Oral Anatomy
HARD AND SOFT PALATE
The palate forms the superior wall or roof of the buccal cavity
...

HARD PALATE
Covered by mucous membrane and forms a partition between the buccal and the nasal cavities
...
The mucous
membrane is peculiar in that it is practically one with the periosteum which covers the bone
(mucoperiosteum)
...
It is thin in the middle
but thicker at the sides, the increased thickness being due to the presence of numerous glands that lie
beneath the surface laterally but are absent toward the midline
...

The mucous membrane of the hard palate is noted for its numerous rugosities
...

On the side of the raphe are the transverse ridges which form the palatine rugae
...
Median raphe- longitudinal ridge extending from the uvula to the anterior small elevation
–incisive papilla
2
...
It forms the anterior limit of the median raphe
...
Transverse palatine ridges- about six distinct elevations crossing the anterior part of the palate
4
...


GENERAL ANATOMY 2
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
SOFT PALATE
Posterior movable portion of the palate, extending from one side of the pharynx to the other, and attached
to the posterior border of the hard palate
...

It presents the following:
1
...
Palatine arches- free margin of the soft palate, extending laterally from the uvula, and splitting
into two parts as they approach the lateral wall
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3
...

4
...
This space is also
called the isthmus of the fauces
...

1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...
It presents fringe-like projections on its free margins
...
It presents the following parts:
1
...
It is attached to the mandible and hyoid
bone
...
Body- anterior larger portion of the tongue, made up of interlacing skeletal muscles
...
Margins- lateral side of the organ, free and blunt, in relation to the gums and teeth
...
Tip or Apex- pointed and free anterior end, directed anterior against the incisor teeth
...

5
...


GENERAL ANATOMY 2
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY

6
...
It presents the following parts:
● Palatine part- area facing upwards and visible when the mouth is opened
...

● Median sulcus- faint groove separating palatine part into symmetrical parts
...

● Pharyngeal part- smaller posterior area on dorsum, looking backwards towards the
pharynx, forming part of its anterior wall
...

● Glosso-epiglottic fold- reflection of mucous membrane of the tongue on to the epiglottis
producing an elevation
...
Vallate- largest; numbering from 7-12, arranged in front of the sulcus terminalis
2
...
They have broad, rounded
free ends and tapering attached parts
...
Filliform- smallest and most numerous; scattered all over the anterior 2/3 of the dorsum of
the tongue
...

1
...
Genioglossus- fan-shaped, radiating to the tongue
O

Upper genial tubercle of the mandible

I

Lower fibers into the body of the hyoid bone
Upper and middle fibers into tip and substance of tongue

A

Anterior fibers retract the tongue, posterior fibers protrude the tongue

NS

Hypoglossal nerve

b
...
Styloglossus
O

Styloid process of temporal bone close to its tip

I

Whole length of the side of the tongue, lateral to hyoglossus

A

Pulls tongue upwards and backwards

NS

Hypoglossal nerve

2
...
Superior longitudinal muscle- close to dorsum of tongue
b
...

c
...

d
...

SEPTUM OF THE TONGUE
Median fibrous partition separated from the dorsum of the tongue by the superior longitudinal muscle
fibers extending from the base of the tip
...

GLANDS OF THE TONGUE
1
...
Serous glands- close to vallate papilla
3
...
Levator palate- round
O

Quadrate area on petrous temporal and pharyngo-palatine
tube

I

Palatine aponeurosis and with that of the opposite side

A

Brings soft palate in contact with posterior pharyngeal wall,
preventing food from going into the nasopharynx

NS

Vagus nerve through pharyngeal plexus

2
...
Palatoglossus- enclosed within the anterior pillar
4
...
Uvulae muscle- lying within two uvula
O

Posterior nasal spine

I

Both sides unite

GENERAL ANATOMY 2
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
PHARYNX
Wide, muscular tube, flattened anteroposteriorly, extending from the base of the skull to the level of 6th
cervical vertebra, lying behind the nasal cavities, mouth and larynx
...

Pharyngeal wall –made up of the:
1
...
Pharyngeal muscles:
a
...
Longitudinal layer- internal
● Stylopharyngeus muscle

●

O

Root of styloid process

I

Superior and posterior borders of thyroid
cartilage and pharynx

Palatopharyngeus muscle- enclosed within posterior palatine arch
O

Posterior border of the bony palate

I

Thyroid cartilage and pharyngo-basilar fascia

GENERAL ANATOMY 2
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
●
●
●

Pharyngo-basilar fascia- strong fibrous membrane, attaching pharynx to the base
of the skull to the pharyngo-tympanic tube and the margins of posterior nares
Submucous coat- connects mucous coat with pharygo-basilar fascia, containing
numerous mucous glands and lymph nodule
Mucous coat- lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

DIVISIONS OF THE PHARYNX
A
...
Contains the Orifice of the Eustacian
or Auditory tube
...
Oropharynx- behind the oral cavity
C
...

ANATOMY OF ORAL CAVITY

Does a variety of jobs that range from playing the trumpet, kissing to more vital roles like
chewing and swallowing your food
...

The oral cavity extends from the inner surface of the lips to the beginning of the oropharynx which is
marked by the junction of the hard and soft palate above the anterior pillars of the palatoglossal arches
laterally and the terminal sulcus of the tongue below
...
At the bottom, the Mylohyoid Muscle forms a muscular diaphragm that supports the tongue and
the structures of the floor of the mouth
...


●
●
●

The oral cavity is divided by the teeth and the inner oral mucosa into two parts: the smaller oral
vestibule and the larger oral cavity proper
...

Mucosa of the lips and cheeks continues onto the gingiva to form the superior and inferior
boundaries of the vestibule
...
It extends from
the inner surface of the teeth and communicates with the oropharynx posteriorly
...
This is
achieved through a tiny space called the retromolar fossa which lies behind the third molar teeth
and the ramus of the mandible
...
The opposing surfaces of the maxilla and
mandible have a horseshoe-shaped ridge known as the alveolar process
...

Maxilla- gives rise to palatine processes that are fused together in the midline forming the
anterior two-thirds of the hard palate
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GENERAL ANATOMY 2
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY

The roof of the mouth is formed by the palate mouth and separates it from the nasal cavity
...
Anterior part- hard palate
● Bony, dome-shaped structure against which the dorsum of the tongue rests while the
mouth is closed
...

● The lower surface- covered by the palatal gingiva near the alveolar process and the
masticatory mucosa covers the remaining part
...
Posterior part- soft palate
● From the back of the hard palate
● Separates the oropharynx and nasopharynx
...

● It contains five (5) muscles:
1
...
Levator Velli Palatini
3
...
Palatopharyngeus
5

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