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MATHEMATICS & ASTRONOMY:
Science and Mathematics were highly developed during the ancient times in
India
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Some notable contributors of whom everyone
should know:

Aryabhatta:
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Aryabhatta was a fifth century mathematician, astronomer, astrologer and
physicist
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He wrote Aryabhattiya, which is a summary of mathematics of his time
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In the first section he describes the method of denoting
big decimal numbers by alphabets
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Aryabhatta and Zero : He showed that zero was not just a numeral but
also a symbol and a concept
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The discovery of zero also opened up a new
dimension of negative numerals
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The need for the development of the science of astronomy was it was
required to have accurate calendars, a better understanding of climate
and rainfall patterns for timely sowing and choice of crops, fixing the
dates of seasons and festivals, navigation, calculation of time and casting
of horoscopes for use in astrology
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He disregarded the view that our planet is ‘Achala’ (immovable), and
stated his theory that ‘ earth is round and rotates on its own axis’
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One such example was: When a person travels
in a boat, the trees on the shore appear to move in the opposite direction
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He also gave a scientific explanation for solar and lunar eclipse clearing
the notion that the eclipse were happening because of Rahhu or Ketu or
some other rakshasa (demon)
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Baudhayan:
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Baudhayan was the first one ever to arrive at several concepts in
Mathematics, which were later rediscovered by the western world
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pi is useful in calculations of
the area and circumference of a circle
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Brahmgupta:
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In 7th century, Brahmgupta developed methods of multiplication, he used
place value in almost the same way as it is used today
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He wrote BrahmSputa Siddantika through which the Arabs came to know
of our mathematical system
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He is famous for his book Siddanta Shiromani
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Bhaskara introduced Chakrawat Method or the Cyclic Method to solve
algebraic equations
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In the nineteenth century, James Taylor, translated Lilavati and the world
came to know of this great work
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Jain Guru Mahaviracharya wrote Ganit Sara Sangraha in 850A
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, which is
the first textbook on arithmetic in present day form
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Therefore, long before John Napier introduced LCM to the world, it was
known to Indians
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They have also described fractions, algebraic equations, series, set theory,
logarithms and exponents in a very interesting manner
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Kanad:
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Kanad was a sixth century scientist of Vaisheshika School of philosophy,
one of the six systems of Indian philosophy
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According to Kanad, material universe is made up of kana (anu/atom),
which cannot be seen through any human senses
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Thus, they are indivisible and indestructible
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Varahamihira was one of the nine gems, in the court of
Vikramaditya
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Varahamihira made contributions in the fields of hydrology, geology and
ecology
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He gave a list of six animals and thirty plants, which could indicate
the presence of water
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Earthquake cloud theory: Contribution to the world of science is given by
Varahmihira in his book Brhat Samhita
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Varahamihira’s contribution is worth mentioning in Jyotish or Astrology
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Nagarjuna
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Nagarjuna was a tenth century scientist with work in alchemy
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In his book, Rasaratnakara, he has also discussed methods for the
extraction of metals like gold, silver, tin and copper
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Ayurveda, an indigenous
system of medicine that was developed in Ancient India
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It is the oldest
medical system of our planet
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The oldest medical book of the world – Atreya Samhita
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Susruta:
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Susruta is considered a pioneer in the field of surgery
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He studied human anatomy with the help of a dead body
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In Susruta Samhita , the method of selecting and preserving a dead body
for the purpose of its detailed study are also described
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Restoration of
limbs lost in wars was done by him
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Some serious operations performed included taking foetus out of
the womb, repairing the damaged rectum, removing stone from the
bladder, etc
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He was the Raj Vaidya (royal doctor) in the court of Kanishka
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It has the
description of a large number of diseases and gives methods of
identifying their causes as well as their treatment
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Charak also had knowledge of the fundamentals of Genetics
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Yoga & Patanjali:
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The science of Yoga has been developed in ancient India as a subsidiary
science of Ayurveda, for healing without medication at the physical and
mental level
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In the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Om is spoken of as the symbol of God
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Besides Yoga Sutras , Patanjali also wrote a work on medicine and worked
on Panini’s grammar known as Mahabhasaya

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