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Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions
Test Your Knowledge
Chapter 1 Process of Science
DRIVING QUESTION 1
1 When scientists carry out an experiment, they are testing a
a
...

c
...

e
...


theory
question
hypothesis
control
variable

Answer: c

2 Of the following, which is the earliest step in the scientific process?
a
...

c
...

e
...

b
...

d
...


the experimental group
the control group
the scientist group
the independent group
all groups

Answer: b

4 In the studies of coffee and memory discussed in this chapter, the independent variable is
dependent variable is

...

b
...

d
...


and the

caffeinated coffee; decaffeinated coffee
memory; caffeinated coffee
caffeine; memory
memory; caffeine
decaffeinated coffee; caffeinated coffee

Answer: c

5 Can an epidemiologist who finds a correlation between the use of tanning beds and melanoma (an aggressive form of
skin cancer) in college-age women conclude that tanning beds cause skin cancer?
a
...

c
...


yes, as long as the correlation was statistically significant
yes, but only for college-age women
yes, but only melanoma skin cancer, not other forms of skin cancer
no; the study would have to be done with a wider range of participants (males and females of different ages) before it can
be concluded that tanning beds cause melanoma
e
...
You
have four groups of participants, all of whom have mildly painful arthritis (rated 6 on a scale of 1 to 10)
...
At the end
of 2 weeks, participants in each group are asked to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10
...

b
...

d
...


the amount of pain experienced at the start of the experiment
the amount of pain experienced at the end of the experiment
the degree to which pain symptoms changed between the start and the end of the experiment
the drug
The independent variable could be a, b, or c
...
Describe your control and experimental groups with respect to age, gender, and breast
cancer status
...
As you are looking at
reducing the risk of breast cancer, all women in both groups would be free of breast cancer
...
Design your study so that the
results will apply to as many people in as many scenarios as possible
...
The independent variable will be caffeinated coffee
...
The basic design will be to observe the results on two groups: caffeinated
coffee drinkers and non–caffeinated-coffee drinkers
...


DRIVING QUESTION 2
9 In which of the following would you have the most confidence?
a
...

c
...

e
...

b
...

d
...


They can reveal whether or not the data have been fabricated
...

They can be used to determine whether any observed differences between two groups are real or a result of chance
...
You
have four groups of participants, all of whom have mildly painful arthritis (rated 6 on a scale of 1 to 10)
...
At the end
of 2 weeks, participants in each group are asked to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10
...
5 for the placebo, 6
...
5 for 25 mg of the drug, and 4
...

What is your next step?
a
...

c
...


Invest in the drug company
...

Run a statistical analysis to determine if the differences are significant
...

e
...
4 (Sample Size Matters), you see that both graphs show a positive impact of caffeine on
memory
...
Why is that? If you read a study that reported
only the data in the left graph, would you find the relationship to be compelling? Why or why not?
Answer: The study whose results are plotted in the graph on the left had far fewer participants
...
Larger sample sizes give more conclusive results
...
yes, because the results of a peer-reviewed study showed that drinking caffeinated beverages reduced the risk of
Parkinson’s disease
b
...
no; she would have to restrict her consumption of coffee to decaffeinated coffee to reduce her risk of Parkinson’s disease
d
...
There are no data on the relationship between drinking caffeinated beverages and Parkinson’s disease because it would be
unethical to conduct such an epidemiological study
...
J
...
(2012) NEJM 367:616-624
...
e
...
Usually the cutoff for p values is 0
...
05, the results are considered
to be statistically significant
...
The study examined the impact of the drug Tofacitinib on ulcerative colitis
...
0
...
3 mg
c
...
15 mg
e
...
All doses are more effective than the placebo
...
What would you want to know before you asked your doctor if
this treatment was right for you?
a
...

c
...

e
...
What can you infer about the “convincing
evidence” in this case?
a
...

b
...

c
...

d
...

e
...

Answer: b

17 How can two different studies investigating the same thing (e
...
, the relationship, if any, between caffeinated coffee
and memory) come to different conclusions?
a
...

c
...

e
...

They may have used different types of participants (e
...
, participants of different ages or professions)
...

They may have evaluated memory differently (e
...
, long-term vs
...

all of the above

Answer: e

18 A scientist who reads an article in a scientific or medical journal can be confident that the report has been peer
reviewed
...
What is a “peer-reviewed” report? Is an article in a daily newspaper a peer-reviewed article?
b
...
Why do scientists place so much value on the peer-review process?
Answer:

a
...
A typical newspaper article
has not been peer reviewed
...
A peer reviewer considers the experimental design, the data, and the analysis of the data
...

c
...

19 The mother of a friend is a self-described “coffee addict
...

Does her experience negate the results of the JAMA study described in this chapter? Why or why not?
Answer: This is a case of anecdotal evidence, presenting a single person’s experience in the absence of a carefully designed experiment and
a large sample size
...


20 You may have seen advertisements on television that show beautiful people with clear skin who claim that a specific
skin care product is “scientifically proven” to reduce acne
...

a
...
What kind of scientific evidence would persuade you to spend money on this product? Explain your answer
...
The testimonials of these few people are not convincing
...
There is no strong experimental trial
...
A large, randomized trial to compare outcomes in people who use the product and people who do not would provide more
convincing reasons to use the product, particularly if the dependent variables specifically included number of pimples,
degree of redness, and other objective measures of skin clarity
...
You will need to use everything you have learned in this chapter to do this
...
From scientific articles or press releases from health organizations you have read, or from your own experiences, what
observation(s) can you start with?
b
...

c
...
Consider sample size, whether or not you will use a placebo, and possible independent and dependent
variables
...
The key points are making observations, consulting sources to develop a hypothesis, and desig ning a strong
trial including controls to test the hypothesis
...
In the late 1990s, there were rumors that
antiperspirants cause breast cancer
...
One viral e-mail claimed that by blocking perspiration, antiperspirants prevent
the body from purging toxins, instead forcing the body to store the toxins in lymph nodes in the underarm area near
breast tissue
...
And as men are less likely to shave their
underarms, they are less likely to have shaving nicks through which antiperspirants can enter the body
...
Read the abstracts of the two articles for which URLs are provided below
...
gd/pPLxwZ
Harvey and Everett, 2004: http://is
...

b
...

c
...

Answer:

a
...

b
...

There is no indication of sample size, and as the findings are simply a case of correlation, they do not suggest causation
...
The sample size is
small, and there does not appear to be an investigation of parabens levels in normal (control) breast tissue
...
Answers will vary, but all should be supported by evidence
...

b
...

d
...


the ability to reproduce
the ability to maintain homeostasis
the ability to obtain energy directly from sunlight
the ability to sense and respond to the environment
the ability to grow

Answer: c

2 What is homeostasis? Why is it important to living organisms?
Answer: Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment even when the external environment changes
...


3 What does it mean to say that a macromolecule is a polymer? Give an example
...
Examples include proteins, which are mad e up of amino
acids; complex carbohydrates, which are made up of simple sugars, or monosaccharides; and nucleic acids, which are made up of
nucleotides
...

b
...

d
...


protein
...

triglyceride
...

cell
...
In general, you should look for evidence of the characteristics of life described in the chapter, such as the ability to
grow, to reproduce, and to maintain homeostasis
...
g
...


6 Which of the characteristics of living organisms (if any) allow you to distinguish between living and formerly living
(that is, dead) organisms? Explain your answer
...
In general, dead organisms still have cells (or remains of cells) but are not growing, reproducing, obtaining or using
energy, or responding to their environment
...
If you had evidence that carbon dioxide was being consumed and
converted to glucose, what could you conclude about the presence of a living organism in your sample? Explain your
answer
...
However, it is also possible that abiotic (nonliving)
reactions are occurring
...
Or you
could take a sample of the dirt and sterilize it to destroy any organisms and see if carbon dioxide were still being consumed and glucose were
still being produced
...

b
...

d
...


protons
neutrons
electrons
protons, neutrons, and electrons
protons and neutrons

Answer: e

9 When an atom loses an electron, what happens?
a
...

c
...

e
...

It becomes negatively charged
...

Nothing happens
...


Answer: a

10 Glucose (a monosaccharide) has the molecular formula C6H12O6 How many carbon atoms are in each glucose
molecule?
Answer: six

11 Consider the types of lipid
...
How does a sterol, such as cholesterol, differ from a triglyceride?
b
...
Structurally, a sterol is made up of four connected carbon rings, whereas a triglyceride has three fatty acids bonded to a
glycerol
...

b
...
They differ in the number of fatty acids and in whether or not a phosphate group
is present
...
carbohydrates
b
...
lipids
d
...
all of the above
f
...

b
...

d
...


DNA molecules
...

proteins
...

inorganic molecules
...

b
...

d
...


water
...

phospholipids
...

b and c

Answer: e

15 What are the arguments for and against considering viruses living organisms?
Answer:

For: Viruses can reproduce (within host cells), and they can respond to that cellular environment and use energy from the
host cell
...
Viral
particles cannot obtain or use energy on their own, and—unlike living organisms—they are not made of cells
...
The heads of each half of the bilayer face the surrounding water, and the hydrophobic tails cluster together (away
from the water) in the interior of the bilayer
...

Answer: Olive oil does not mix with water, so it is hydrophobic; it is made up of hydrophobic triglycerides
...
When salt dissolves, the charged Na and Cl− ions can interact with the water molecules
...

b
...

d
...


bonding of water molecules
...

a
...
What is the solute in such a beverage?
c
...
The solvent in coffee and tea is water
...
The main solute is the dissolved sugar molecules, but there are also other compounds in coffee and tea that dissolve in the
water as the beverage is prepared; these are also solutes
...
Because the sugar dissolves in water, sugar is hydrophilic
...

b
...

d
...


increases
...

decreases
...

becomes basic
...

b
...

d
...


bond
...
Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of
electrons (pairs of electrons)
...


23 Why do olive oil and vinegar (a water-based solution) tend to separate in salad dressing? Will added salt dissolve in
the oil or in the vinegar? Explain your answer
...
The hydrophobic triglyc erides in the oil
tend to cluster together, and the water molecules interact with other water molecules
...


24 Which of the following is/are most likely to dissolve in olive oil?
a
...

c
...

e
...
9
...
Its pH of 14 means that it has a lower hydrogen ion concentration than does a neutral soluti on (107 times
lower)
...
Its pH of 5 means that it has a higher hydrogen ion concentration than does a neutral solution (100 times higher)
...
Its pH of ~3 means that it has a hydrogen ion concentration that is 10,000 times higher than that of a neutral solution
...
What are
possible considerations for science and society if a Martian life form is released on Earth? Given that Curiosity has
landed on Mars, what are the possible consequences if an Earth life form is released on Mars? What steps can
mission control take to minimize these risks?
Answer: There are many possible answers
...
g
...
If an Earth life form on Mars survived, it could
affect the Martian environment or any Martian species (if any exist)
...
Similarly, risks of introducing Martian life forms to Earth can be minimized by isolating and sterilizing any material brought to Earth
from Mars
...
Investigate the NASA website to
learn more about NASA’s rationale for the investment in this mission
...
If you agree, state specific
reasons why you think this a good investment of your money
...

Answer: Letters will vary
...


2 Which of the following statements best explains why bacteria are considered living organisms?
a
...

c
...

e
...

They are made up of biological macromolecules
...

They each consist of a cell
...


Answer: d

3 What are the two main types of cells found in organisms?
Answer: prokaryotic and eukaryotic

4 Which of the following is/are not associated with human cells?
a
...

c
...


cell membrane
ribosomes
DNA
cell wall

e
...

Answer: d

5 Bacteria are
a
...

c
...

e
...


prokaryotic; presence of a cell wall
eukaryotic; presence of organelles
eukaryotic; absence of a cell wall
prokaryotic; absence of organelles
eukaryotic; absence of organelles

Answer: d

6 Which of the following is/are associated with eukaryotic cells but not with prokaryotic cells?
a
...

c
...

e
...
More specifically, what do all living organisms
have in common? For example, do all living organisms carry genetic instructions? Do their cells all have a nucleus?
What other features do they have in common?
Answer: Because all living organisms are made of cells, they all have a cell membrane surrounding cytoplasm
...

They all have ribosomes, and all are built from the four classes of organic molecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
...

b
...

d
...


The cell wall is made of cellulose
...

The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan
...
Choice c is convincing evidence that the organism is
a bacterium and not a plant
...

b
...

d
...


and

_
...

b
...

d
...


active transport
...

simple diffusion
...

Solutes cannot cross phospholipid bilayers
...

a
...
What do active transport and facilitated diffusion have in common?

Answer:

a
...

b
...

12 Water is moving across a membrane from solution A into solution B
...

b
...

d
...


Solution A must be pure water
...

Solution A must have a higher solute concentration than solution B
...

Solution B must be pure water
...
The
transport proteins “facilitate” the movement of these solutes across a membrane
...
How can they enter cells from an
environment with a very high concentration of sugar?
a
...

c
...

e
...
How can high
concentrations of salt inhibit the growth of bacteria? (Think about the high solute concentration of the salty food
relative to the solute concentration in the bacterial cells
...
The water loss will cause the cytoplasm of the
bacteria to shrivel, thus preventing their growth
...


16 Marc, a first-year college student, starts out on a backpacking trip in southern New Mexico
...
He has a portable water filter to treat river and
stream water that he finds on his planned route through the Gila wilderness
...
He is afraid of contracting giardiasis (a protozoal disease spread through water contaminated
by animal feces), so he drinks only the small amount of water that he can boil on his camp stove at night
...
He makes it to a local highway and collapses
...

a
...
From the solute concentration of his blood, what is likely to be happening to those of his body cells that are in contact with
his blood and related fluids (e
...
, lymph and cerebral spinal fluid)?
c
...
One is a “normal” isotonic saline—0
...
One is a hypertonic
saline (3% NaCl)
...
45% NaCl)
...
Marc has lost more water than solutes, so his blood now has a higher solute concentration than normal
...
Because his blood has a higher than normal solute concentration, cells in contact with the blood are likely to be losing water
(by osmosis) and beginning to shrivel
...
Marc needs to have his blood volume restored, as well as his current concentration of solutes diluted to a normal
concentration
...
It will add volume, but because its solute
concentration is lower than normal, it will cause the solute concentration to return to normal when added to his concentrated
blood
...
bacterial cell membranes
b
...
the nuclear envelope


...
membrane proteins
e
...

Answer: Phospholipids of the cell membrane would not be a good target for an antibiotic because human as well as bacterial cells have
phospholipids in their cell membranes, and thus the proposed antibiotic would harm both bacterial and human cells
...
The physician decides to add penicillin, which
inhibits the production of new peptidoglycan
...
e
...

Answer: No
...
Thus, a second antibiotic would have no additional effect
...
What if the same experiment were repeated with lysozyme, an enzyme that degrades intact peptidoglycan?
What if the two experiments were repeated in solutions that have lower solute concentrations than the cytoplasm, and
did not contain growth-supporting nutrients?
Answer: In the case of bacteria growing in a solution with the same solute concentration as their cytoplasm, they would not burst, even though
their newly made cell walls would be weak because of the exposure to penicillin
...
In the second case (growing in the presence of lysozyme, which disrupts intact peptidoglycan), again, because the environment has a
solute concentration that is the same as that of the cells, there is no net movement of water into or out of the cells
...
Bacteria need a strong cell wall in order to survive the influx of water without bursting, but in this case there are no growth-supporting
nutrients, so the cells are not actually growing
...
However, as lysozyme can digest intact peptidoglycan, the cell wall wi ll be destroyed,
and the cells will burst as the water flows in by osmosis
...
Scientists have found it more challenging to develop treatments for fungal infections
(e
...
, yeast infections, athlete’s foot, and certain nail infections) than for bacterial infections
...
It is hard to find a target that is present in
fungi and not in humans
...


22 Bacteria can be characterized as sensitive, intermediately resistant, or fully resistant to different antibiotics
...
If the strain is fully resistant to an antibiotic, that antibiotic cannot treat that infection
...

The table shows the concentrations of antibiotics that determine how a bacterial species will respond to those
antibiotics
...
A strain
with intermediate resistance will only be affected by concentrations in the range indicated in the “intermediately
resistant” column
...


Antibiotic

Effective Dose for Sensitive
Bacterial Strains (µg/ml)

Oxacillin

≤2 µg/ml

Vancomycin

Erythromycin

≤0
...
As part of laboratory testing, the S
...
For oxacillin, the lowest concentration that inhibited the growth of the strain was 8

µg/ml; for vancomycin, 4 µg/ml; for erythromycin, 16 µg/ml; for tetracycline, 32 µg/ml; and for levofloxacin, 8 µg/ml
...
The strain appears to be resistant to all of the other antibiotics
...
Is this a good idea? Why or why
not?
Answer: Antibiotics are not effective against colds because colds are caused by viruses
...
Thus,
using an antibiotic to treat a cold will not treat the cold and may increase the chance of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections in the future
...

b
...

d
...
Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles
...
They are important in the reactions that extract energy from food and convert it to an immediately usable form
...
The nucleus is a large organelle that stores the genetic instructions (DNA)
...

c
...
Its critical functions include protein and lipid
synthesis
...
The chloroplast contains an internal system of stacked membrane disks surrounded by two membranes on the outside of the
organelle
...

25 Which of the following is not a cytoskeletal fiber in eukaryotic cells?
a
...

c
...

e
...


Answer: a

26 Insulin is a protein hormone secreted by certain pancreatic cells into the bloodstream
...

b
...

d
...


rough ER
Golgi apparatus
ribosomes
all of the above
a and c

Answer: d

27 Some inherited syndromes, for example Tay-Sachs disease and MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers),
interfere with the function of specific organelles
...
From what you know about
mitochondria, why do you think the muscles and the nervous system are the predominant tissues affected in
MERRF? (Think about the activity of these tissues compared to, say, skin
...
They rely on mitochondria to provide energy to
power their activities
...

Less active cells will not be affected as dramatically because their energy demands are much lower
...

b
...

d
...


smooth ER
nucleus
lysosome
Golgi apparatus
rough ER

Answer: c

29 Cystic fibrosis is an inherited condition that affects the lungs and digestive tract (see Chapter 11)
...
How could a cell membrane protein end up in the rough endoplasmic reticulum? (Hint: Look at the box
about the cooperation of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus in Up Close: Eukaryotic
Organelles
...
If this delivery system is impaired, the protein could be trapped in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and never reach the cell
membrane and so be unable to fulfill its function; the result is symptoms of cystic fibrosis
...
” They carry out the reactions of cellular respiration to generate usable energy
...
Using the energy of sunlight, they convert atmospheric carbon dioxide to organic
carbohydrates (sugars)
...


3 On the basis of DNA sequence analysis,
a
...
which bacteria are likely the closest relatives of the mitochondria?
Answer: a
...
Rickettsia

4 Which of the following is not a trait shared by chloroplasts and prokaryotic cells?
a
...

c
...


the size of their ribosomes
the shape of their DNA molecule
the presence of a nucleus
their mechanism of replication

Answer: c

5 From what you have read here about endosymbiosis:
a
...
Could you live if plants did not have their endosymbiotic organelles? Explain your answer
...
You could not live without your mitochondria (endosymbiotic organelles)
...

b
...
That would reduce the
food supply for humans (directly or indirectly because the animals that many humans eat in turn in eat plants)
...
They would die (which would be very bad
for humans)
...


Chapter 4 Nutrition, Enzymes, Metabolism
DRIVING QUESTION 1
1 A macronutrient is
a
...

c
...

e
...

a nutrient that is abundant in the diet
...

a nutrient that is stored in large amounts in the body
...


Answer: c

2Which of the following is/are macronutrient(s)?
a
...
iodine
c
...
fats
e
...
a and d
Answer: f

3 A multivitamin supplement is a(n)
a
...

c
...

e
...


macronutrient
micronutrient
mineral
enzyme
a and b

Answer: b

4 Which of the following foods is a rich source of protein?
a
...

c
...

e
...
g
...
g
...

Answer: Macronutrients are needed in large amounts in the diet for health
...


6 A typical multivitamin supplement contains vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin B 1, vitamin
B2, vitamin B6, biotin, calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, and chromium
...

a
...
Are all of these micronutrients?
Answer:

a
...
Not all of these are vitamins
...

b
...
They are all micronutrients (nutrients needed only in small quantities in the diet)
...

b
...

d
...


fatty acids
amino acids
glycerol
nucleotides
simple sugars

Answer: b

8 Where (or how) do we obtain essential amino acids?
a
...

c
...

e
...
Therefore, vitamin C is
a
...

c
...

e
...

an essential mineral
...

a nonessential vitamin
...


Answer: a

10 Which component of peanut butter RUTF supplies essential amino acids?
a
...

c
...

e
...


milk powder
peanut butter
sugar
vegetable oil
powdered vitamins and minerals
a and c

Answer: a

11 Corn lacks the essential amino acids isoleucine and lysine
...
Soy contains all the essential amino acids
...
Could someone survive on a diet with a corn-based protein alone? Why or why not?
b
...
g
...
Why did one of the home-based feeding therapies in Malawi combine soy flour with corn flour?
Answer:

a
...
A diet with a corn-based protein alone would lack the essential amino acids isoleucine and lysine, which our bodies
cannot make
...
Traditional diets that combine corn and beans (e
...
, in a meal of tortillas and beans) provide all the essential amino acids
...

c
...
Also, whereas soy contains all the essential amino
acids, the starchy corn flour adds another source of carbohydrates
...

b
...

d
...


an organic accessory molecule
...

the shape of the enzyme
...

what the enzyme acts on
...

Answer: Both cofactors and coenzymes help enzymes speed up their reaction rates
...


14 Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by
a
...

c
...

e
...

decreasing the activation energy
...

forming bonds
...


Answer: b

15How is folate (folic acid) best described?
a
...

c
...

e
...
If the active site
changes shape, the substrate cannot properly enter and bind to the active site, and the enzyme cannot catalyze the reaction
...
5, why would you say pregnant women (and
women who could become pregnant) should ensure that they have adequate levels of folate in their diets?
Answer: Folate is essential for DNA replication, and DNA must be replicated every time a cell divides
...
If th e mother is folate
deficient, the embryo and fetus will not grow properly, and so folate deficiency can lead to birth defects
...
Why does excess vitamin E cause problems, but excess vitamin C does not?
b
...
Vitamin C is water soluble, so any excess is removed from the body in the urine
...

b
...
Any excess over what is
needed is excreted from the body, dissolved in the urine
...
1
...

b
...

d
...


calcium
vitamin D
potassium
all of the above
a and b

Answer: e

20 Infographic 4
...

a
...
What percentage of the children in the study does this number represent? How does this compare to previous recovery
rates of 25%–40% for children who had received standard hospital therapy?
The children who received the RUTF were given enough of it to supply 730 kJ of energy per kg of body weight
...

c
...
If she had been in the RUTF group in the study, how many daily kJ would she have obtained from the RUTF?
d
...
What percentage of her daily energy needs would this represent? (Hint: Use your answer to part c
...
Children in the RUTF supplement group ate a traditional diet of corn/soy flour to make up the rest of their diet
...
How many grams of the traditional mix would this 2-year-old need to consume (on top of the
RUTF supplement) to meet her daily needs?
Answer:

a
...

b
...
This rate
is between two and three times higher than the 25%–40% rate for standard hospital therapy
...
She would have received (6 kg  730 kJ/kg)  4,380 kJ per day of the RUTF
...
2,100 kJ from a supplement is only 47
...

e
...
This represents 570 g of
the soy/flour per day on top of the RUTF supplement
...
His mother is shocked by the large number of unhealed
scrapes and sores on his knees and arms
...
The student tells his
mother that the scrapes are just left over from a skateboarding mishap a few weeks ago and that he guesses he could
cut back on some of his snacks
...
The dentist
is alarmed by his bleeding and swollen gums
...
He proudly announces that he had stayed on this diet for 6 months
...
Could this student be suffering from malnutrition? Explain your answer
...
What mineral(s) or vitamin(s) (or both) are you most concerned about, given the symptoms noted by the dentist?
c
...
Yes
...

b
...
This conclusion is consistent with his current diet, which appears not to provide any fruit or vegetables
...
This student needs to increase his intake of most micronutrients
...
In the longer term, a more varied diet that includes more fruits and vegetables (and more
colors in general) will help provide micronutrients needed for good health
...
What criteria would you consider before deciding to donate money to a
food-aid program? Explain your answer
...
According to Johns Hopkins Children’s Center, approximately 1% of children in the
United States are chronically malnourished
...


Chapter 5 Energy and Photosynthesis
DRIVING QUESTION 1
1 What do algae, cyanobacteria, and plants have in common?
Answer: They are all photosynthetic—that is, they carry out photosynthesis, using the energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide from air to
synthesize sugars
...

Answer: No
...
However, they rely on photosynthesis, because they eat plant material th at is the
product of photosynthesis, and material from animals that are sustained by eating plants
...

b
...

d
...


mitochondria
nucleus
chloroplast
solar transformer
cell membrane

Answer: c

4 Why do many species of algae appear green?
Answer: The main photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll, which reflects green wavelengths
...

Answer: Photosynthetic algae rely on photosynthesis for the production of sugars that can be used for short-term energy needs or for
longer-term energy storage
...


6 What would happen to humans and other animals if algae, cyanobacteria, and plants were wiped out? Would we only
lose a food source (e
...
, plants), or would there be other repercussions?
Answer: There would be several repercussions for humans if photosynthetic organisms were wiped out
...
Second, in the absence of photosynthesis by plants and algae, oxygen levels in the atmosphere would drop , reducing our
ability to carry out key energy-related reactions in our cells
...
If these organisms
are not able to “harvest” the energy in sunlight, they will not be able to produce and store valuable molecules
...


DRIVING QUESTION 2
8 The fuel energy you provide your car is best described as
a
...

c
...

e
...

chemical
...

potential
...


Answer: e

9 The energy in a cereal bar is
a
...

c
...

e
...
The energy of a cyclist pedaling is

energy
...

b
...

d
...


stored energy
...

the energy of movement
...

any of the above, depending on the situation

Answer: c

11 If you wanted to get the most possible energy from photosynthetic algae, should you eat algae directly or feed algae
to a cow and then eat a burger made from that cow? Explain your answer
...
If you eat the algae directly, you ingest 100% of their energy
...
A great deal of energy is lost between the algae and the cow
...

b
...

d
...


violet
red
green
yellow
blue

Answer: a

13 Glucose is a product of photosynthesis
...

b
...

d
...


starch
cow manure
molecules in air
water
soil

Answer: c

14Mark each of the following as an input (I) or an output (O) of photosynthesis
...

b
...

d
...

prokaryotic autotrophs
...

prokaryotic heterotrophs
...
How might this affect photosynthesis? If
global warming should cause ocean levels to rise, in turn causing forests to be immersed in water, how would
photosynthesis be affected?
Answer: Increased levels of carbon dioxide should increase the amount of photosynthesis by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria
...


17 Why are energy-rich lipids from algae more useful as a fuel than energy-rich sugars and other carbohydrates
produced by photosynthetic organisms like corn and wheat?
Answer: Lipids store more energy per gram than do carbohydrates
...
Include the following forms of energy and
molecules: sunlight; carbon dioxide; glucose (stored chemical energy); water; ATP; heat
...
6 and 5
...


DRIVING QUESTION 4
19 Which of the following is/are necessary for biofuel production by photosynthetic algae?
a
...

c
...

e
...

g
...

b
...

d
...


because their photosynthetic products are an oil
because they are cheaper to grow
because they do not require as much CO2
because they do not require as much fertilizer
all of the above

Answer: e

21 Many types of algae can divert the sugars they make by photosynthesis into lipids that can be used to make
biodiesel
...
Describe the energy conversions required to make
algal lipids for biodiesel and explain why biodiesel might be a more promising fuel than fuel from lipids extracted
from animals
...
These lipids store a large amount of energy per gram
...
Animal lipids thus add a step (and additional energy transfer and los s) between the
energy of sunlight and the energy stored in organic molecules
...

Answer: Advantages include the ability to control conditions (e
...
, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, nutrients, pH) to maximize lipid
production from sunlight and carbon dioxide
...
G rowing algae in
vats is far less expensive, but the process may be less efficient and competing or harmful species may enter and attack the algae in the vats
...
Discuss competing needs for arable land in the context of human requirements for food and fuel, and
how algae may alleviate this tension
...
By replacing food
crops with fuel crops, the demand for (and price of) of crops to feed humans rises
...
In this case, fuel crops are not competing with food crops for
valuable arable land
...
There are three possible
options:
The desert of southern New Mexico (sunny, hot, mild winters, nonarable land, remote)
Denver, Colorado (sunny, cold winters, urban area with CO2 emissions from factories and cars)
Central Washington State (sunny, hot, a rich agricultural zone)
Discuss the pros and cons of each site and make a recommendation
...
However, the site is remote and in a desert, so the cost of water and transporting nutrients could be high
...
Central
Washington State has an ideal climate and likely has a ready supply of nutrients (fertilizers), given the other demands for fertilizers in the
region
...


25 The airline Virgin Atlantic has committed to using a “green” fuel produced by microbes that use carbon monoxide
(CO) from industrial emissions (such as from steel factories) as its carbon and energy source
...
This fuel is predicted to reduce CO 2 emissions by 60% relative to
conventional jet fuel
...
If this
“green” fuel venture is successful, would their use of “green” fuel influence your decision to choose Virgin
Atlantic over another air carrier? Why?
Answer: The process described here is similar to the production of algal biofuels in that the fuel producers are microbes (in this case,
bacteria) growing in a chamber, and in that it doesn’t use arable land that could be used for food crops (in contrast to corn ethanol)
...
Because it uses CO instead of CO2, it doesn’t appear to take CO2 out of the
atmosphere during its production (in contrast to algal biofuels and corn ethanol)
...
And unlike corn ethanol, which first requires growing the crop and then transporting it to a fermenter to
produce the ethanol, this ethanol is produced in a single step, so the transportation cost is less
...


26 The United States currently uses approximately 19 million barrels of petroleum per day
...
S
...
The table shows the
production cost estimated for different petroleum sources
...
)
Petroleum Source

Production Cost per Barrel (Average)

United States

$36
...
00

Saudi Arabia

$9
...
50

Mexico

$29
...
eia
...
php?id=727&t=6

a
...
S
...

Assume that approximately 40% of the imports are from Canada, approximately 49% are from OPEC and Persian Gulf
countries with production costs similar to Saudi Arabia, and 11% are split evenly between Mexico and Venezuela
...
Let’s say that the United States replaces half of its current oil imports from OPEC and Persian Gulf countries with
domestically produced algal biofuel
...
How could algal biofuel companies work to decrease production costs of their product?
Answer:

a
...
Of the 8 million barrels imported, 49%
(3
...
2 million barrels) are from Canada, and the remaining
0
...
Total: 3
...
90 each $38
...
2 million barrels from Canada at $41 each  $131
...
44 million barrels from Venezuela at $23
...
34 million
0
...
10 each  $12
...
S
...
20 each  $398
...
34 million
b
...
92 million barrels from the OPEC and Persian Gulf nations and split them between algal biofuel and
OPEC/Persian Gulf sources, we get:
1
...
28 million1
...
90 each  $19
...
S
...
74 million (~$1
...
34 million)
c
...


Chapter 6 Dietary Energy and Cell Respiration
DRIVING QUESTION 1
1 A 6‘0” male weighs 230 pounds
...
1 to determine his BMI
...

b
...

d
...


fidgeting more
eating less
exercising more
all of the above
b and c

Answer: d

3 Consider the 6‘0”, 230-pound male from Question 1
...
(Hint: Muscle is denser than fat
...
)
Answer: If he is an NFL quarterback, then he may have a substantial amount of muscle, which would contribute disproportionately to his
weight
...
He is unlikely to be obese, despite the findings fr om the
BMI chart
...

b
...

d
...


25 g sugar, 5 g protein, 0 g fat
30 g sugar, 0 g protein, 5 g fat
10 g sugar, 10 g protein, 10 g fat
0 g sugar, 15 g protein, 15 g fat
10 g sugar, 25 g protein, 0 g fat

Answer: d

5 If you wanted to balance Calories consumed in a snack of an apple and a hard-boiled egg, how long would you have
to stand? How long would you have to walk (at 2 mph)?
Answer: One apple plus one hard-boiled egg contain 135 Calories
...
125 hours (~1 hour and 8 minutes) of
walking (at 2 mph) to balance those Calories
...
They adopt the same diet, but one briskly walks her dog for 30 minutes twice a
day, while the other jogs slowly for 15 minutes a day
...
Will there be a substantial
difference in weight loss? Why or why not?
Answer: Assuming that the dog walk is at 2 mph, the dog walker will expend 120 Calories per day on her two 30-minute dog walks
...
After 90 days, the dog walker will have
expended 10,800 Calories on the dog walks, and the jogger will have expended 11,250 Calories during her jogs
...
This will translate into slightly more
weight loss for the jogger
...
11
...
If you adopted fully NEAT days for an entire month (30
days), how many additional Calories would you burn compared to a month (30 days) of the sedentary way? Assuming
that it takes ~3,500 Calories to lose 1 pound of fat, how many additional pounds of fat would you lose during 30 days
of NEAT?
Answer: One month of NEAT activities would expend 18,340 Calories
...
The
NEAT way expends an additional 15,315 Calories and results in about 4
...


DRIVING QUESTION 2
8 Which type of organic molecule serves as long-term energy storage in humans?
a
...

c
...

e
...

b
...

d
...

a
...

c
...

e
...

Answer: Glycogen stores 4 Calories per gram, so 1,000 Calories of glycogen weighs 250 grams
...


12 Consider a well-trained 130-pound female marathon runner
...
8 g of glycogen per pound of body weight)
...

b
...

d
...
5-minute miles)
...
How long will it take her to deplete her glycogen stores? How many miles can she
run before her glycogen supplies run out? Will she be able to complete a 26
...
Once her glycogen supplies run out, what has to happen if she wants to keep running?
Answer:

a
...
8 g glycogen per pound  884 g
...
She has 884 g glycogen  4 Calories/g  3,536 Calories stored as glycogen
...
Each gram of fat stores 9 Calories, so 3,536 Calories could be stored in only 393 g of fat (compared to 884 g of glycogen)
...
She has 3,536 Calories stored as glycogen
...
At this pace (9 miles per hour), she can run 36 miles on her glycogen—a distance greater than a marathon (26
...

e
...


DRIVING QUESTION 3
13 Which process is not correctly matched with its cellular location?
a
...

c
...

e
...

b
...

d
...


to fuel ATP production
...

b
...

d
...


fat
protein
carbohydrate
nucleic acid
alcohol

Answer: a

16 During aerobic respiration, what molecule has (and carries) electrons stripped from food molecules?
a
...

c
...

e
...

b
...

d
...


by giving electrons to O2
by giving electrons to pyruvate
by giving electrons to glucose
by giving electrons to the electron transport chain
by giving electrons to another NAD

Answer: d

18 Draw a carbon atom that is part of a CO 2 molecule such as you just exhaled
...

Answer: The carbon atom (in the form of CO2 in the air) will be taken up by the spinach leaf and used to make sugars (glucose) by
photosynthesis, which occurs in the chloroplasts in the leaves
...
When
humans eat the spinach, they can digest the starch, and then “burn” the released glucose in aerobic respiration
...


19 If you ingest carbon in the form of sugar and use it to generate ATP via cellular respiration, how is that carbon
released from your body?
a
...

c
...

e
...

b
...

d
...


ATP
...

b
...

d
...


citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport chain
a, b, and c
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Answer: c

22 During fermentation, how does NADH give up electrons to regenerate NAD1?
a
...

c
...

e
...

b
...

d
...


cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus
cytoplasm and mitochondria
Fermentation doesn’t occur in cells, it occurs in the liquid portion of blood
...
(The terms aerobic respiration and
fermentation should be in your answer
...
Aerobic respiration
includes glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
...
Oxygen is required in order for the electron transport chain to run to completion
...


25 Consider fermentation
...
How much ATP is generated during fermentation?
b
...
In humans, why can’t fermentation sustain life? (Hint: Think of two reasons—one is related to the product of fermentation
and what happens if it accumulates
...
Only two molecules of ATP are generated per molecule of glucose
...
Much less ATP is produced by fermentation than by aerobic respiration, which produces ~36 molecules of ATP per
molecule of glucose
...
Fermentation cannot sustain life for humans for several reasons
...
Second, the product of fermentation is lactic acid
...
We cannot
survive if our internal environment becomes too acidic, and a stable pH cannot be maintained in the presence of sustained
lactic acid production
...
He is skeptical
about a weight-loss plan not based on exercise
...

These are everyday activities such as standing (instead of sitting), walking a dog, parking farther away from the office (and walking a few
extra blocks), taking stairs instead of an elevator, even jiggling your knees as you sit (fidgeting)
...
Similarly, lean people tend to spend more time
engaging in NEAT activities compared to obese people
...


Chapter 7 DNA Structure and Replication
DRIVING QUESTION 1
1 Which of the following is not a nucleotide found in DNA?
a
...

c
...

e
...

b
...

d
...


AGTCTAGC
CGATCTGA
TCAGATCG
GTCGACGC
GCTAGACT

Answer: c

3 In addition to the base, what are the other components of a nucleotide?
a
...

c
...

e
...

a
...

c
...

e
...

b
...

d
...


DNA only
...

DNA and proteins
...

the entire genome of a cell
...
Can you definitively
determine the sex of that person (male or female) from the presence of the X chromosome? Explain your answer
...
Both males and females have one X chromosome in all of their somatic cells
...


7 Human red blood cells are enucleated (that is, they do not have nuclei)
...
As all of the DNA found in the 46 chromosomes in the genome of our cells is contained in the nucleus, red blood cells do not
contain DNA
...

b
...

d
...


two old strands
...

one old strand and one new strand
...

any of the above, depending on the cell type

Answer: c

9 Which of the following statements about PCR is true?
a
...

c
...

e
...

Primers are not necessary for PCR
...

PCR does not generate a complementary DNA strand
...


Answer: a

10 Complete the statements below, and then number them to indicate the order of these two major steps necessary to
copy a DNA sequence during PCR
...

Step # The two original strands of the DNA molecule can be separated by
...

1 The two original strands of the DNA molecule can be separated by heat
...
The result is two identical double-stranded DNA molecules
...
GAAG repeated twice
b
...
AGCT repeated five times

d
...
AGCT repeated seven times
Answer: a

13 An individual’s STR may vary from the same STR of another individual by
a
...

c
...

e
...

the specific bases present
...

the number of times the sequence is repeated
...


Answer: d

14 Which of the following represents genetic variation between individuals?
a
...

c
...

e
...
The STR is amplified by PCR, and the PCR product is run on a gel
...

Answer: lane B

16 A series of statements is presented below
...

a
...

c
...

e
...

Genetic information is passed on to the next generation in the form of DNA molecules
...

Each person carries the same number of STR repeats on both maternal and paternal chromosomes
...


Answer: a
...
T; c
...
F; e
...

Answer: DNA is the genetic/hereditary information in humans
...


18 Rewrite the statements that you marked as false in Question 16 to make them true
...
G pairs with C and A pairs with T
...
Some DNA sequences carry information to encode proteins, but some DNA sequences do not—for example, noncoding
STR regions do not carry information that encodes proteins
...
The number of times an STR is repeated can vary between different alleles
...


DRIVING QUESTION 4
19 This gel shows the DNA profile of STRs from four sources: blood from crime scene evidence (E), suspect A, suspect
B, and the victim (V)
...

Suspect B was picked up at a local convenience store after using bloodstained money
...
From the DNA profiles shown, can you draw any conclusions about where the crime scene DNA came from?

b
...

Answer:

a
...
Suspect B is more than likely the source of the DNA
evidence at the crime scene
...
Suspect B is likely to be related to the victim because suspect B shares at least one band with the victim at every allele
tested
...


20 Look at Infographic 7
...
From the STRs used in forensic investigations, which STRs on which chromosomes would be
particularly useful in determining whether crime scene evidence was left by a female or a male?
Answer: AMELX and AMELY

21 Explain your response to Question 20, stating the number of STR copies you would expect to see if the perpetrator
was female and if the perpetrator was male
...
A female perpetrator would have at least one band for AMELX and no bands for AMELY
...


22 This gel shows a DNA profile using five STRs
...
The
lanes labeled M1 and M2 are two men, either of whom, according to the mother, could be the father of the child
...
Circle the STR bands that the child (C) inherited from its mother (W)
...
Use the DNA profiles to determine which man is the father of the child
...


b
...

23 The table shows the frequencies for STR lengths (repeat number) in different U
...
populations
...
You can determine the probability of a
particular combination of STRs by multiplying the frequencies
...

For example, the probability of a Hispanic person having 14 D3S1358 repeats (0
...
079 3 0
...
0062
...
Then, because there are two ways of inheriting this pattern (getting a 14
from dad and an 18 from mom or getting the 18 from dad and the 14 from mom), this number must be multiplied by 2
For example, the probability of a Hispanic person having 14 D3S1358 repeats (0
...
125) is 0
...
125 3 2 5 0
...

a
...

c
...


What is the probability of a Caucasian American having a 16, 17 combination for D3S1358?
What is the probability of an African American having a 16, 17 combination for D3S1358?
What is the probability of a Hispanic American having a 16, 17 combination for D3S1358?
What is the probability of a Caucasian American having a 16, 17 combination for D3S1358, and a 5, 9 combination for
TH01?
e
...
Consider your answers to a, d, and e
...
103

0
...
079

15

0
...
186

0
...
253

0
...
286

17

0
...
242

0
...
152

0
...
125

5

0
...
004

0

6

0
...
124

0
...
190

0
...
096

8

0
...
194

0
...
114

0
...
150

10

0
...
006

0
...
017

0
...
011

12

0
...
078

0
...
132

0
...
111

14

0
...
072

0
...
of Repeats

Data from Butler et al
...
S
...
Journal of Forensic Sciences 48(4): 908–911
...

Answer: a
...
253  0
...
10879; b
...
248  0
...
120; c
...
286  0
...
1167; d
...
253  0
...
002 
0
...
0000496; e
...
253  0
...
002  0
...
017  0
...
000000231; f
...


24 A female eyewitness has identified a Hispanic American male as the man who stole her car
...
Her car was recovered, and male blood with a 16, 17
combination for D3S1358, a 5, 9 combination for TH01, and an 11, 14 combination for D18S51 was found on the
driver’s seat and steering wheel
...

Answer: Because the 5 allele for TH01 does not occur in Hispanic Americans, it is exceedingly unlikely that the eyewitness has accurately
identified the person who stole her car
...
Similarly, in cases of disasters, DNA evidence is sometimes required to identify victims
...
These situations illustrate that a DNA profile database has the potential to be useful in cases in which
DNA-based identification is required
...
What arguments can
you make for and against banking DNA profiles in a database? If such a database existed, what restrictions would
you place on it? Would you choose to register your DNA or your child’s DNA in such a database?
Answer: The advantages of a DNA bank include the means to exonerate suspects who have been wrongly convicted and to help identify
suspects of crimes and victims of disasters
...
A person’s DNA can
reveal susceptibility to certain diseases, some of which are incurable, or reveal previously unsuspected questions of paternity
...
Many people choose to
be genotyped when they register to be bone marrow donors, but they may not wish their genetic information to be used for other purposes
...


MILESTONES IN BIOLOGY 2
1 What technique did Rosalind Franklin use to examine the structure of DNA?
a
...

c
...

e
...

b
...

d
...


DNA is a double helix
...

The two strands run in opposite orientations
...

The helix has a constant diameter along its length
...

Answer: Franklin carried out the key X-ray diffraction studies
...

Watson and Crick synthesized existing information to build models that were consistent with the observed data
...


4 How did differing amounts of water in the DNA crystals help explain the x-ray diffraction patterns?
Answer: The DNA stretched out in the presence of water, suggesting that the water must be interacting with and coating the molecule
...


5 Summarize the structure of a DNA double helix
...
The phosphate groups of each strand are oriented
along the external backbone of the molecule, and the nucleotide bases are oriented toward the interior of the helix
...
The helix has a constant diameter along its
length
...

b
...

d
...



...

b
...

d
...


the sequence of amino acids
the three-dimensional shape of the folded protein
the location of its gene on the chromosome
all of the above
a and b

Answer: e

3 Spidroin proteins are in an unfolded state in the spider’s silk gland before they are extruded through the spinneret
...

Answer: No
...


4 If the repeated alanines in spidroin were changed to amino acids with hydrophilic side chains, would they still cluster
together away from water? Explain your answer
...
Hydrophilic side chains interact with water
...


DRIVING QUESTION 2
5 “A gene contains many chromosomes
...
” Is this statement accurate? If not,
explain why not, and rewrite the statement to make it correct
...
Chromosomes contain genes, and genes encode proteins
...
Each gene encodes one or more proteins
...

b
...

d
...


a DNA molecule
an RNA molecule
a protein
a ribosome
an amino acid

Answer: c

7 For each structure or enzyme listed, indicate by N (nucleus) or C (cytoplasm) where it acts in the process of gene
expression in a eukaryotic cell
...

b
...

d
...


a single protein
an RNA nucleotide
a DNA nucleotide
an amino acid
any of the above, depending on the organism

Answer: d

9 A gene has the sequence ATCGATTG
...

b
...

d
...


ATCGATTG
AGCTAAC
GTTAGCTA
UAGCUAAC
CAAUCGAU

Answer: d

10 If a spider wasn’t making the normal amount of its spidroin protein, would you suspect a problem in the regulatory or
coding sequence of the spidroin gene? Explain your answer
...
If the regulatory region is not working properly, the normal amount of
protein won’t be produced
...


11 If you wanted to try to increase the amount of spidroin protein a spider produces, would you modify the regulatory
sequence or the coding sequence? Explain your answer
...
Altering the regulatory sequence in this way will increase the amount of mRNA, which in turn will increase the am ount of protein
produced
...
What would be the impact of each of the
following changes? How, specifically, would each change affect protein or mRNA structure, function, and levels?
a
...

c
...


a change that prevents RNA polymerase from binding to a gene’s regulatory sequence
a change in the coding sequence that changes the amino acid sequence of the protein
a change in the regulatory sequence that allows transcription to occur at much higher levels
a combination of the changes in b and c

Answer:

a
...
No mRNA will be produced, and
therefore no protein
...
A change in the coding sequence that changes the amino acid sequence of the protein can change the shape and function
of the protein
...

c
...
The protein will function normally, but because there is now
more of it, the overall activity may increase
...
If the regulatory sequence is changed to increase levels of gene expression, more protein will be produced
...

13 The insulin gene is normally expressed in specific cells in the pancreas, but not in a type of immune cell known as a
B cell
...
What would you have to do get a B cell
to express insulin? (Hint: Remember that all cells in an organism have the same set of chromosomes and associated
genes
...
The regulatory sequence of a gene normally expressed in B cells will permit expression of the insulin gene in B
cells
...

b
...

d
...


because yeast can easily be grown in large quantities
because yeast can secrete large amounts of recombinant proteins into their growth medium
because yeast are multicellular, so have a variety of cell types for recombinant gene expression
all of the above
a and b

Answer: e

15 What is the purpose of the vector in generating a transgenic organism?
Answer: The vector is a “carrier” DNA molecule that carries the recombinant gene into the organism and its genome
...

Answer: The recombinant gene would need a regulatory sequence from a spider silk gene and the coding sequence of the desired yeast gene
...
As yeast do not have spinning structures, they cannot spin and extrude silk
fibers
...


18 Melanin is a pigment expressed in skin cells; melanin gives skin its color
...
In
this case, the regulatory sequence of the melanin gene would drive the expression of another gene in skin cells
...


19 Lysozyme is a protein secreted in tears and saliva in all mammals
...

a
...

b
...

Answer:

a
...

b
...


DRIVING QUESTION 4
20 Why is transgenic technology needed to produce large quantities of spider silk?
Answer: Unlike silkworms (which produce silkworm silk in large quantities on silk “farms”), spiders cannot easily be raised in large groups (as
they will eat one another)
...
Transgenic technology allows
large quantities of spider silk to be produced by another organism (such as yeast)
...


22 Type 1 diabetes results from a loss of insulin production from the pancreas
...

a
...

b
...

c
...


Answer:

a
...

b
...

c
...
The insulin gene regulatory sequence will allow the expression of the insulin
gene in the pancreas
...

23 A biotechnology company has created a number of strains of transgenic yeast with a recombinant spidroin gene
...
The cells are separated from the culture medium
...
Similarly, all the cells are lysed (broken open) and all
the spidroin present within the cells in quantified
...


Strain
Nontransgenic yeast

Spidroin protein isolated from cells
(mg)

Spidroin protein present in culture
medium (mg)

0

0

Transgenic strain 1

80

0

Transgenic strain 2

40

40

Transgenic strain 3

0

80

Transgenic strain 4

60

20

a
...
What are the differences in spidroin production in the different strains?
c
...

Answer:

a
...

b
...

c
...

24 A physician is stationed in a military hospital in Iraq
...
Infection is always a concern, and current bandages are not always flexible enough to permit movement of the
affected area as the wound heals
...

Given the scenario described, what case could a spider silk biotechnology company representative make to the
army to support spider silk research?
Answer: Spider silk is both strong and flexible, so it makes ideal dressings, particularly for large wounds that may be stressed as a soldier
returns to duty
...
Spider silk is biodegradable, so stitches made with spider silk may dissolve on their own, allowing a soldier with a sutured wound to
return to duty without needing another medical appointment to remove the sutures
...
Additionally,
spider silk is effective as body armor, which may reduce the occurrence of wounds experienced by soldiers
...
Search the Internet for reliable sources about a particular
GMO that you have heard of or in which you are interested (e
...
, Golden Rice or genetically modified salmon)
...
Has what you have read in this chapter about other
genetically modified organisms and the transgenic yeast changed your opinion about GMOs? What restrictions (if
any) would you place on GMOs?
Answer: Answers will vary, depending on the specific GMO
...
g
...
Con: concerns for safety, risk of escape of the organisms and thus
the potential to overtake wild populations, ethical concerns about manipulating other organisms for human purposes, and other unintended
consequences
...
5% of the 3 billion nucleotides in our haploid genome encodes 20,000 genes, what would you predict about
the average length (in nucleotides) of a human gene?
Answer: 1
...


2 How many genes are encoded in the genomes of each of the following organisms? (Hint: You may need to do some
online research
...
humans
b
...
a nematode roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans)
d
...
a pufferfish (Tetraodon nigroviridis)
Answer: a
...
~6,275 genes; c
...
~28,300 genes; e
...
Draft sequences generally cover about 90% of the genome,
with about 99
...
For the human genome, how many nucleotides were included in the draft genome? Of these,
how many were possibly inaccurate?
Answer: 90% of 3 billion nucleotides is 2
...
9% accuracy gives a possible error rate of 0
...


4 What were some surprises in the human genome?
a
...

c
...

e
...

The number of genes was much smaller than expected
...

The sequence is extremely similar between different people
...
Would you want to
take this test before having a child? What do you think you would do if you and your partner were found to be at risk
for having a child with a lethal genetic disease?
Answers will vary
...
)
Answer: mitosis

2 In the cell cycle, DNA is replicated during
a
...

c
...

e
...

G1
...

G2
...


Answer: c

3 Following mitosis and cytokinesis, daughter cells
a
...

c
...

e
...

are genetically identical to each other
...

contain half of the parent cell’s chromosomes
...
This chemical blocks the completion of DNA replication
...
Why shouldn’t pregnant women take these drugs?
Answer: The embryo (and later the fetus) is growing by mitotic cell division
...


8 What would be the result if a cell completed interphase and mitosis but failed to complete cytokinesis—how many
cells would there be at that point, and how many chromosomes would those cells have in comparison to the parent
cell?
Answer: If a cell completed interphase and mitosis but then did not complete cytokinesis, the result would be a single cell with two nuclei
...
This means that the single binucleate cell would have twice the
number of chromosomes as the parent cell
...
As your injury heals, what cell type is
likely to be dividing to replace the cells lost when you injured yourself?
Answer: stem cells in the skin

10 In order to coax a stem cell to differentiate into a specific type of specialized cell, what has to happen?
a
...

c
...


it must acquire new genes
it must eliminate unnecessary genes
it must be express a specific subset of genes
a and b

Answer: c

11 Relative to one of your liver cells, one of your skin cells
a
...

c
...

e
...

has the same function
...

a and c
b and c

Answer: d

12 Which of the following is/are differences between stem cells and mature, specialized cells?
a
...

c
...

e
...
yes, because stem cells need the genes found in every cell type, whereas specialized cells need only a subset of all the
genes
b
...
no, because all cells in a person have the identical set of genes in their genome
d
...
no; stem cells have a smaller genome because they express only a subset of genes
Answer: c

14 Specific proteins expressed by specific cell types can be used as markers to both identify and isolate specific cell
types from a population of cells
...

Marker Protein

Cell Type

Collagen type II

Cartilage cells

MAP2

Neurons

Myosin heavy chain

Cardiac muscle

Telomerase

Stem cells

A researcher has isolated stem cells and is coaxing them to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells to treat a patient
with damaged heart muscle due to a heart attack
...

Answer: Population C, as cells in this population are expressing a protein (myosin heavy chain) that is associated with cardiac muscle
...


15 The surface of the very upper layer of your skin consists of specialized cells known as keratinocytes
...
If you sustain a burn and lose skin tissue, could your shed keratinocytes be used to
generate replacement tissue in a dish? Why or why not?
Answer: No
...


DRIVING QUESTION 3
16 What are the pros and cons of receiving an organ transplant versus growing a replacement organ from one’s own
cells?
Answer: Pro: If a donor organ is available, it can be transplanted immediately, without the need to wait for an organ to be grown from one’s
own cells
...


17 Nerve cells (neurons) are highly specialized and generally don’t divide
...
As the remaining neurons generally don’t divide to replace the damaged ones, the injury
generally does not repair
...

These symptoms generally resolve after chemotherapy
...

b
...

d
...
These stem cells have the capacity to
differentiate into any type of blood cell and can replace bone marrow cells
...
One company offers this banking service starting at $1,750 for the first year
...

Answer: Matched cord blood cells could be used if the child developed a cancer of blood cells (e
...
, a leukemia)
...
Because it can be hard to
find a matched donor, some parents may choose to bank the cord blood
...
It would also be worth exploring how long the cord
blood stem cells can be stored, and whether they lose viability over time
...
The trachea consists of a hollow tube made of cartilage,
chondrocytes (cells that help maintain the cartilage by producing the proteins that make up cartilage), and a lining
made up of specialized epithelial cells
...
Include the
components that you will use (and their source), the steps you will follow, and a justification for your approach
...
(2) Isolate the patient’s multipotent bone marrow stem
cells and induce them in culture to differentiate into chondrocytes (which will be a perfect match to the patient’s own cartilage cells before damage)
...
(3) Seed the new,
matching chondrocytes onto the outside of the decellularized donor trachea tube and let them attach and start to divide in culture)
...
(4) Transplant the trachea
into the patient’s respiratory system
...


21 A great deal of research is being carried out to design scaffolds for replacement organs
...
These researchers obtain human livers and treat them to remove all the
cells, leaving just a scaffold
...
The
researchers then wanted to determine whether or not these decellularized scaffolds will support the growth of liver
cells
...

Incubation Time

No
...
(2015) Scientific Reports 5:13079 | DOI: 10
...
Graph these data
...
Do the decellularized scaffolds appear to support the growth of human cells?
c
...


b
...
The cell number increases over time
...
Decellularized scaffolds provide a natural, compatible scaffold of the correct shape and structure on which cells can be
grown to generate a replacement organ
...


Chapter 10 Mutations and Cancer
DRIVING QUESTION 1
1 A mutation causes a substitution of one amino acid for another in the encoded protein
...

b
...

d
...


silent
nonsense
missense
insertional frameshift
deletional frameshift

Answer: c

2 Which of the following is a known mutagen?

a
...

c
...

e
...

b
...

d
...


Sunscreen can repair damaged DNA
...

Sunscreen can reduce the chance of mutations caused by exposure to UV radiation present in sunlight
...

Sunscreen can prevent cells with mutations from being destroyed
...
3
...
X-rays may be medically necessary
...
Exposure to certain infectious agents can be minimized by taking precautions
...


5 The mutation illustrated in Infographic 10
...
Use the genetic code
(Infographic 8
...
178) to match each mutation below (all are mutations of the normal mRNA sequence shown in
Infographic 10
...
For each mutation, put a check mark
next to the corresponding effect and type of mutation
...

No impact on the protein
Protein will be shorter than normal
...

No impact on the protein
Protein will be shorter than normal
...

No impact on the protein
Protein will be shorter than normal
...

Answer: No
...
Other mutations may be beneficial
...

b
...

d
...


Nothing; mistakes just happen
...

The cell will begin to divide out of control, forming a malignant tumor
...

The mutation will be inherited by the individual’s offspring
...
In their
mutant states, both contribute to the development and progression of cancer
...
g
...
When mutated, tumor suppressor genes can no longer pause the
cell cycle when necessary, and cells with DNA damage may continue to divide
...
When proto-oncogenes are mutated to oncogenes, they continuously “push” cells to divide, even in
the absence of growth-promoting signals
...

b
...

d
...

f
...

b
...

d
...
) How might each of your suggestions reduce her risk?
Answer: Given that there is no family history of breast cancer, it is unlikely that your niece has a mutation in BRCA1 Therefore, her
risk-reduction strategies won’t need to include early breast cancer screening, but they should include avoiding known carcinogens (e
...
,
tobacco), maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol consumption, and making informed decisions about hormonal treatments (e
...
, bi rth
control or postmenopausal hormone therapy) and, if possible, the timing of pregnancies
...
Obesity is a risk
factor for many cancers, and postmenopausal obesity is a particular risk for breast cancer
...
Some
hormonal interventions can increase breast cancer risk (e
...
, oral contraceptives increase risk, but this risk seems to be negated 10 years after
stopping the use of oral contraceptives)
...


12 Why is age a risk factor for cancer?
Answer: It takes several mutations in the same cell for the cell to become cancerous
...
These can be the result of the greater number of cell divisions, as well as longer
exposure to environmental carcinogens
...
will definitely develop breast cancer
...
is at increased risk of developing breast cancer
...
must have inherited it from her mother because of the link to breast cancer
...
will also have a mutation in BRCA2
...
b and c
Answer: b

14 What is the role of BRCA1 in normal cells?
Answer: BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a protein involved in DNA repair of mutations
...

b
...

d
...


many female relatives who were diagnosed with breast cancer in their 70s
many relatives with skin cancer
many relatives diagnosed with skin cancer at an early age
many female relatives diagnosed with breast cancer at an early age
many female relatives with both early breast cancer and ovarian cancer

Answer: e

16 A 28-year-old male graduate student was born with an inherited predisposition to colon cancer due to a mutation in a
DNA repair gene called MLH1 He has recently been diagnosed with colon cancer
...

Answer: He was not born with colon cancer, but with a genetic predisposition to colon cancer
...
Now that he has colon cancer, both copies of the MLH1 gene in his cancer
cells have the mutation, while his normal colon cells still have one normal copy and one mutated copy of MLH1

17 Which of the following women would be most likely to benefit from genetic testing for breast cancer?
a
...

c
...

e
...


Answer: a

18

People like Lorene Ahern have inherited a mutated version of BRCA1 Why does this mutation pose a problem? Why
are these people at high risk of developing breast cancer when they still have a functional BRCA1 allele? Describe
how the protein encoded by normal BRCA1 compares to that encoded by mutant alleles of BRCA1
...
A BRCA1 mutation in one allele
means that cells are relying on the other (functional) allele of BRCA1 If a subsequent single mutation disrupts that other allele of BRCA1, that
single mutation is sufficient to eliminate all BRCA1 function in the cell
...


19 Nellie has a family history similar to Lorene Ahern’s
...
Nellie is not yet 35 but has started having annual mammograms
...
She has a BRCA2 mutation and is considering prophylactic surgery
...
Does Nellie or
Nellie’s doctor have an obligation to tell Anne about the test results? What about Nellie’s older brother? Should he be
told? There are personal and medical benefits and risks to consider here
...
This case
highlights the fact that one person’s genotype can provide information about someone else’s possible or probable genotype
...
She likely sought testing
under the assumption that her medical information is private
...
As soon as Nellie is confirmed as a carrier, it is known that their
mother more than likely had the mutation, and that Anne may have inherited the same mutation
...
Similarly, Nellie and Anne’s older brother can also be affected by the
knowledge that he may be a BRCA2 carrier (by inheritance from his mother)
...


20 José is a 32-year-old landscaper living in Phoenix, Arizona
...
Both had their tumors biopsied to look for potential
targets for targeted therapy
...
Their cancer cells
were analyzed for expression of PD-L1 (see Infographic 10
...
The data are shown in the table below
...
Transcribe and translate the BRAF gene sequences from José’s and Ray’s tumors
...
Zelboraf is a drug that stops division of metastatic melanomas by blocking the activity of a mutant (oncogenic) BRAF protein
that has a glutamic acid at position 600 (the proto-oncogene has a valine at position 600)
...
7)
...

c
...


Answer:

a
...
Ray’s tumor BRAF mRNA: GCU ACA GUG UUU
UCU
...

b
...
As their tumors have metastasized, surgery can
remove the primary tumor, but won’t be able to remove the metastatic tumors
...
Because of the expression of
PD-L1 on Ray’s tumor, he may benefit from treatment with Keytruda, which blocks the interaction
between PD-L1 on tumor cells and PD-1 on immune cells
...
Although José and Ray are first-degree relatives, one would expect inherited cancers to develop early in
life, and Ray was 64 at the time of diagnosis
...

Given that José lives in sunny Phoenix and works outside as a landscaper, his UV exposure is a risk
factor for melanoma
...
Take your age and
gender into consideration as youconsider each factor
...

b
...

d
...


alcohol consumption
sun exposure
tobacco use
exposure to pesticides
meat preparation (cooking method)

Answer:

a
...
Reducing alcohol
consumption canreduce the risk of cancer, particularly of breast and oral cancer
...
Sun exposure is a risk factor for many kinds of skin cancer, including melanoma
...
M
...
M
...

c
...
Use of
both cigarette tobacco and smokeless (chewing) tobacco are risk factors
...
People should avoid smoking and all forms
of tobacco use and seek help for quitting
...
Many pesticides are carcinogenic
...
It is important that agricultural workers follow label instructions in
applying pesticides and wear protectiveequipment when working with any carcinogenic chemicals
...
Cooking meat at high temperatures (e
...
, on a very hot barbecue grill) can result in the formation of
carcinogens caused bychemical reactions that occur in the meat at high temperatures
...




---