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Title: Basics of Chemistry
Description: Chemic elements, atoms, molecule, bonds, chemical reactions, types of compounds, water, pH, and more.
Description: Chemic elements, atoms, molecule, bonds, chemical reactions, types of compounds, water, pH, and more.
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Chpt
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There are 118 elements with 92 naturally
occurring and 26 in humans
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6%: calcium, phosphorus, potassium,
sulfur, sodium, chloride, iron magnesium
Structure of Atoms
• Atoms- the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and
characteristics of the elements
o + protons
o - electrons
o neutrons=neutral
o first shell has 2 electrons, 8 in second shell, and up to 18
electrons in each of the remaining shells
• Atomic number- number of protons
• Mass number- sum of the protons and neutrons
• In most cases the number of protons is equal to the number or
neutrons
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The
number of electrons determine the chemical properties
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The unit of measure is a Dalton
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They emit radiation as they
decay
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The time required for
half of the radioactive atoms to decay into a stable form is
called the Half Life
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water
• Individually these bonds are weak but collectively are strong
Chemical Reaction occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break
between atoms
• Reactants- starting substances
• Products- ending substances
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Metabolism- all the chemical reactions occurring in the body
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Energy- the capacity to do work
Potential energy- stored
Kinetic energy- motion
Chemical energy- potential energy stored in bonds
Law of conservation of energy- conversion of one form of
energy to another
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Atoms are in continuous motion
and colliding with one another
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Most important are enzymes
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Synthesis Reactions – Anabolism
o A + B ! AB
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Decomposition Reactions – Catabolism
o AB ! A + B
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Exchange Reactions- buffers (both synthesis and decomposition)
o AB + CD ! AD + BC
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Reversible Reactiono AB
A+B
Oxidation- loss of electrons
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Gains energy
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Inorganic Compounds- usually lack carbon and are structurally simple
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Water 55- 60% body
mass
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Water
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Polar- partial negative charge near O and positive near H
Excellent solvent
Hydrolysis- breakdown of large nutrient molecules to allow them
to be absorbed by the body
Dehydration synthesis reaction- when 2 smaller molecules join
to form a larger molecule giving off water
Has a high heat capacity
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Lessens the impact of environmental temperature
changes
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Lubricant by being a major component of mucus and other
lubricating fluids
Mixture- combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended
together but not bound by chemicals
• Solution- solutes disperse in solution – clear
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o Milk
Suspension- suspended material may mix with liquid but will settle
out
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Mole
is amount of mass in grams of all atoms
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023*10^23=Avagadro’s
number
Acid- disassociates into one or more H+ ions an one or more anions –proton
donor because of positive H+ charge
Base- removes H+ ions from solution – proton acceptor
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Salt- disassociates into anions and cations neither of which is H+ or OH-
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pH neutral 7
body is 7
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45
under 7 is acidic
above 7 is alkaline
9/15/15 8:29 PM
9/15/15 8:29 PM
Title: Basics of Chemistry
Description: Chemic elements, atoms, molecule, bonds, chemical reactions, types of compounds, water, pH, and more.
Description: Chemic elements, atoms, molecule, bonds, chemical reactions, types of compounds, water, pH, and more.