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Title: Basic Chemistry Notes
Description: Elements, bonds, chemical reactions, water, pH, lipids, proteins, and more.
Description: Elements, bonds, chemical reactions, water, pH, lipids, proteins, and more.
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Chpt 2
9/15/15 8:40 PM
Main elements in humans: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Atoms ! Molecules ! Macromolecules
Result of transferring/sharing electrons between atoms is a chemical bond
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•
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Covalent bonds- when atoms share electrons
o Ex
...
glucose and fructose combine to form table sugar, sucrose
Decomposition reaction breaks large molecules into smaller pieces
• Ex
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This makes it a polar molecule
...
pH scale
• 0-14
o 7 neutral
" pure water
o less is acidic
" Human stomach is a 2
o above are alkaline
" Bleach is over 12
•
pH scale measures hydrogen ions present in a solution
•
buffers absorb or release hydrogen ions to avoid drastic pH changes
macromolecules
• carbohydrates important source of cellular energy
o simple sugars, monosaccharides, glucose, fructose
" simple sugars can form disaccharides such as sucrose
o polysaccharides are made of long chains of simple sugars
" cellulose, starch, glycogen are formed by glucose
lipids
•
•
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non polar
hydrophobic
important source of energy and also used by cells to store energy
simple lipids, fats, triglycerides
o composed of long hydro carbon chains attached to a three
carbon glycerol molecule
complex lipids, phosphorus or nitrogen along with carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen
o amphopathic (some hydrophilic regions)
o phosopho lipids found in cell membrane
" because of it being amphopathic it separates the
outside of cell from the inside
proteins
• form the contractile tissues in our muscles and the receptors our
cells use to detect environmental signals
• enzymes used to metabolize our food
• long chains of molecules called amino acids
o covalent bonds- peptide bond
o 20 amino acids
• polypeptide chains (another name for proteins)
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•
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primary structure of the protein
o order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
second and tertiary structures describe the coiling, pleating and
folding of a polypeptide chain (3D shape)
fourth level, quaternary structure, applies to proteins with two or
more polypeptide chains
...
hemoglobin in red blood cells has four polypeptide chains
...
Nucleic acids, DNA, RNA
• Blue prints molecules of cell
• Nucleic acids are macromolecules made of smaller molecules called
nucleotides
9/15/15 8:40 PM
9/15/15 8:40 PM
Title: Basic Chemistry Notes
Description: Elements, bonds, chemical reactions, water, pH, lipids, proteins, and more.
Description: Elements, bonds, chemical reactions, water, pH, lipids, proteins, and more.