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Running Start BIO-104

9/15/15 8:40 PM

Microbes in our lives
• Microorganisms are organisms that are too small to be seen with
the unaided eye
• Germ refers to a rapidly growing cell
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A few are pathogenic (disease-causing)
Decompose organic waste
Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone
Produce fermented food such as vinegar, cheese and bread
Produce products used in manufacturing (eg
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Insulin)

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Knowledge of microorganisms
o Allows humans to
! Prevent food spoilage
! Prevent disease occurrence
o Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in
medicine and in microbiology laboratories

Escherichia Coli
• Honors the discoverer, Theodore Escherich
• Describes the bacterium’s habitat – the large intestine, or colon
Staphylococcus Aureus
• Describes the clustered (staphylo-) spherical (cocco) cells
• Describes the gold-colored (aureus) colonies
Types of Microorganisms
• Bacteria
o Prokaryotes
o Peptidoglycan cell walls
o Binary fission
o For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or
photosynthesis
• Archaea

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o Eukaryotes
Fungi
o Eukaryotes
o Chitin cell walls
o Use organic chemicals for energy
o Molds and mushrooms are Multicellular, consisting of masses
of mycelia, which are
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
o Acellular
o Consists of DNA or RNA code
o Core is surrounded by a protein coat
o Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
o Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
Multicellular animal parasite
o Eukaryotes
o Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminthes
o Microscopic stages in life cycles

Fermentation and Pasteurization
• Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed
by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine
• Pasteurization is the application of a high heat for a short time
The Germ Theory of Disease
• 1876: Robert Koch proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and
provided the experimental steps, Kock’s postulates, to prove that
a specific microbe causes a specific disease
Vaccination
• 1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who
was then protected from smallpox
• Vaccination is derived from vacca, for cow
• The protection is called immunity

The First Synthetic Drugs
• Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria
• Paul Erlich speculated about a “magic bullet” that could destroy a
pathogen without harming the host
• 1910: Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to
treat syphilis
• 1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized
A Fortunate Accident – Antibiotics
• 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic
• Fleming observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic,
penicillin, that killed S, aureus
• 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced
Modern Developments in Microbiology
• Bacteriology is the study of bacteria
• Mycology is the study of fungi
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Immunology is the study of immunity
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Attachment: Virus binds to surface molecule (CD4) of T helper cells
and macrophages
" Corecceptors: required for HIV infection
" CXCR4 and CCR5 mutants are resistant to infection
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" RNA # DNA

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" Reverse transcriptase is the target of several HIV drugs: AZT,
ddI, and ddC
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" Integrated viral DNA may remain latent for years and is called
a provirus
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" Viral genome is replicated
Assembly: New viruses are made
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Drugs Against HIV
• Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Competitive enzyme inhibitors
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• Drug Cocktails: A combination of one of two reverse transcriptase
inhibitors, one or two protease inhibitors
o Have been very effective in suppressing HIV replication and
prolonging the life of HIV infected individuals, but long term
effectiveness is not yet clear
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General features:
o Contain DNA or RNA
o Some are enclosed by an envelope of lipids, proteins, and
carbohydrates
o Multiply inside living cells
o Do not have enzyme for protein or ATP synthesis
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Host range
• Viruses can infect:
o Bacteria
o Fungi
o Protozoa
o Plants
o Humans
o Other animals
Ebola
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1976- first major outbreak (ZEBOV)
1976- Sudan (SEBOV_
Occur sporadically
2014-west Africa
1 case in the US (Texas)

Contact Tracing
• All the people in contact with the patient must be found and
monitored for 21 days
• Check fever twice a day

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