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Animal tissues
v Epithelial tissue to cover and protect the outside and inside of the body
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v Muscle tissue to move the body
v Nervous tissue to carry signals from one part of the body to another
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Epithelium in animals has a similar meaning as
epidermis in plants
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Simple epithelium which has one layer of cells
Stratified epithelium which has several layers of cells
The innermost layer of epithelial cells is attached to a sheet of protein called
basement membrane
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Has cilia and
goblet cell(Nose/Ear)
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Simple pavement or squamous epithelium lines the blood vessels and air sacs in
lungs(heart)
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Epithelium is suited to its function
v The cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets to protects the parts
that they cover
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v The cells in simple pavement or squamous epithelium are thin and
permeable so that substances such as nutrients and gases can pass easily
through them
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They line tubules that carry liquids from one part of the body to
another
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v Columnar epithelium contains goblet cells that produce mucus to protects
the gut from acidic digestive juices
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v Stratified pavement or squamous epithelium has several layers of cells
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These cells
are continually replaced by dividing cells on the basement membrane
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The special feature of connective tissue is that the living cells are found in a large
amount of non living extracellular substances called the matrix
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It is
found under the skin and filling spaces between the organs and muscles
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It is soft and supple which makes it a
good packing tissue between organs and other tissues
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v
Tendons are made up of a dense network of strong white fibres
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Tendons are very strong so that the muscles can pull on
the bones to cause movement
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They join
bones together at joints
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Connective tissue with a rubbery matrix
Connective tissue with a rubbery matrix is called cartilage
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v Hyaline cartilage is found mostly in articulating surfaces of bones where they
meet in joints
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v White fibrous cartilage is very strong and is found as discs between the
vertebrae and covering the bones in joints such as knee,hip and shoulder
joints
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v Yellow elastic cartilage can bend easily without breaking
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Connective tissue with a rigid matrix
Connective tissue with a rigid matrix is called bone
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Bone supports the body and protects the organs
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v The matrix also have fibres which make it strong but give it elasticity
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Plasma makes up over
half the volume of blood
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Blood flows around the body to all cells in special

tubes called blood vessels
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They carry oxygen to all the cells in the
body
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Haemoglobin readily combines with and release oxygen
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They protect the body from disease
by feeding on the micro organisms that cause disease
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v Platelets which are also called thrombocytes are small pieces of cells
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Muscle tissue
Muscle is the tissue that allows our bodies to move
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These
muscles are responsible for voluntary movements which are movements that we
can make when we want to
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They have lots of strength so people can use them to
lift heavy objects
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These muscles are
responsible for involuntary movements which are movements that happen
automatically
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They do not tire easily
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Cardiac muscle is responsible for involuntary movements of the
heart
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It is nearly as
strong as skeletal muscle but like smooth muscle it does not tire easily
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It helps different parts of the body to
communicate so that they can all work together
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Specialised cells at the ends of neurons sense changes that
happen inside and outside the body
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The impulses can move quickly along the neurons
so the body processes information and response very efficiently
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« Connector neurons carry impulses to the motor neurons
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Neurons are well suited to their function
« Neurons are long and thin so can carry impulses a long way
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« They have several terminal branches so they can make contact with many other
cells

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