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Matter In Our Surroundings NOTES
Matter- Anything that occupies space and has mass and volume and is sensed by our sensary
organs are called Matter
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Matter is made up of particles
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Particles of matter are very,very tiny
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Particles of matter have space in them
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Particles of matter are continuously moving
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Particles of matter attract each other
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# The force of attraction between particles of matter vary
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Brownion motion :# Particles moving in random direction
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# It increases on increasing the temp
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Effusion :The movement of particles which is released out from a small hole and intermixed with another
matter of particle is called effusion
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The distance travelled by particles in per unit time is called diffusion ( or effusion)
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The area covered by particle in per unit time
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Volume occupied by particle in space in per unit time
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Explain?
Answer:- This is because when the particles of food rises it's temperature
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Physical classification of Matter :There are five types of matter 1
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Liquid
3
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Plasma
5
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E
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Solid :(i) A solid possesses a fixed volume and a definite shape, distinct boundaries and a definite
shape
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(iii) For example table, chair, glass etc
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Liquid :(i) The matter in liquid state possessses a definite mass, definite volume, but not definite shape
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(ii) It can undergo diffusion
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3
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(ii) Gases are highly compressible
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4
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(ii) Important- Plasma occurs in the stars
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Some of the electrons break away from the atoms converting the rest of the
atoms into electrically charged particles called ions
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Bose-Einstein Condensate (B
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C) :
An Indian scientist "Satyendra Nath bose" did some calculations for the fifth state of matter
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This was discovered by three scientist Cornell, Ketterle and
Wieman of USA by cooling a gas of extremely low density (about one hundred thousand the

density of normal air) to super low temperature
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Effect of change of temperature
By increasing the temperature, a solid can be converted into liquid state and a liquid can be
converted into gaseous state
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Boiling->

Solid state --------->Liquid state-------------->Gaseous state
<---------
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<-------------<-Condensation

1
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The
temperature at which a solid melts and changes into liquid at atmospheric pressure is called the
melting point
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This phase is called latent heat of fusion
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Boiling (Vaporisation) :The process in which liquid substance changes into a gas rapidly on heating is called boiling
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# Latent heat of vaporization :If water is poured into a beaker, and a thermometer is immersed in it, during heating, the
temperature of water rises gradually
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Once the water starts boiloing, the temperature remains constants at 100 celcius until all the
water is converted to steam
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3
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The common substances which undergo sublimation are : Amonium chloride, Iodine, Camphor,
Naphtalene and anthracene
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(i) Celsius (°C)
(ii) Fahrenhite (°F)
(iii) Kelvin (K)
# Different scales of temperature are related as below :(i) °F = 9/5x(°C) +32°
(ii) K = °C + 273
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0 for convenience)

# Effect of Change of Pressure
Difference in various states of matter is due to the difference in the distances between
constituent particles
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When a high pressure is applied to a gas, particles of the gas come so close together that they
start attracting each other sufficiently to form liquid
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So, the temperature
of the gas is also Lowered so that it can remove heat produced during compression
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Evaporation :The process of a liquid changing into vapour (or gas) even below its boiling point is called
evaporation"
Evaporation of a liquid can take place even at room temperature, though it is faster at higher
temperatures
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Factors affecting Evaporation :(i)Temperature : With the increase in temperature, more particles acquire sufficient kinetic
energy to go into vapour state
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(ii) Surface Area : Evaporation is a surface phenomenon
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So, we spread clothes for
drying
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The air around as can
bold only a certain amount of water vapour at a given temperature
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(iv)Wind Speed: When the speed of wind increases, the particles of water vapor move away with
the wind, decreasing the amount of water vapour at a given temperature
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This increases the rate of
Evaporation
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Q
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By losing
heat, anything gets cooled

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