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Storm  Mann  

Sentence Types
1) Simple sentence
A simple sentence consists of subject, verb and object
...

The simple sentence can be found in texts such as:
· Children’s books
· Instruction manuals
· Recipes
· Lists
Simple sentences can also be used as a platform for an article, review, writing, fiction etc
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2) Compound sentences
A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a conjunction
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These can be found in texts such as:
•
•
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Fiction
Recipes
Instructional manuals

3) Complex sentence
Introduced by a main clause, extra detail
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An example of a complex sentence is:
“The boy rode his bike when it was raining and the road was slippery, so he fell off
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These sentences may be identified in texts such as:
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•
•
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Novel
Travel guide
Text book
Law reports
Fiction
Academic writing
Business reports

Storm  Mann  
Sentence functions
1)

Declarative

A declarative is telling a fact or statement
...
g
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The writer answers it themselves
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An interrogative may be used to influence the reader’s opinion
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4)

Exclamative

!

Exclamatives add noise, pitch, tone and volume to a to a text
However, imperatives are not always exclamatives
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An example of an exclamative is:
“Watch out!”
The exclamative is almost onomatopoeic due to the fact that it adds sound to a text
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Mood/Modals - verbs
•

Active mood – The subject of the sentence operates the verb, this gives the subject power and
control
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For example:
“Kate writes on the board”
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Passive mood – The subject does not operate the verb, this creates the effect that the subject is
victimized and minimizes the power of the subject as opposed to the verb
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For example:
“The girl was bitten by a dog”
The passive mood increases the lack of control and emphasises the helplessness
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•
Sense of lack of responsibility: for example, “it is understood that the counsellor will not attend
the meeting today”
“It must be considered by us…” this suggests that the decision was made by somebody else and the
purpose of this is to move the potential blame from the source
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Mode
•
•
•

Written mode – Text e
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newspapers, magazines, fiction
Spoken mode – spontaneous speech
Mixed – spontaneous/written e
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Facebook

G – Genre e
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recipe

A – Audience e
...
youths

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Identifying genre, audience and purpose in a text = GAP

P – Purpose e
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instruct

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•
•

Static verb = state or situation described
Dynamic verb = action shown
Intensifier = intensifies/highlights feeling etc
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g
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Clauses
•
•

Main clause – a clause that can form a complete sentence standing alone, having a subject and a
predicate e
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“the boy rode his bike”
Subordinate clause – a clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent
on a main clause e
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“when it rang”

Frameworks
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Graphological framework = layout/structure/set up of a page
Graphology is the visual aspects of written text through layout of a page e
...
masthead, images, layout
of text as well as punctuation, spelling, abbreviation, images, logos etc
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Graphology can also make the text appeal to a reader and is used often in texts such as newspapers
etc
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Semantics in a text can create illusions/ideas through association, for example “feel good” gives the
semantics of pleasure and can also appeal to the audience, therefore these are used often in
advertisements etc
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Collocation is the way certain words are expected to join together, e
...
fish and chips, he and she,
blushing bride, rain or shine
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These help to date a text
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Stereotypes/cultures can be an example of this e
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French suggests romance, may
sell perfume etc
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Idiomatic language is language such as metaphors or puns which can be used in a variety of ways;
they can influence the readers view point or introduce new ideas
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This can be achieved

Storm  Mann  

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by a writer manipulating text to make it more memorable e
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“beanz meanz Heinz”
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These are often used
in slogans
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Present – “The whale is the largest living mammal” suggest occurring now
Continuous – suggest that the action occurs for some time, undefined time scale – “staying”
“wishing” “running”
Present participles often end in “ing” whereas past end in “ed” etc
...
g
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Lexical framework = Lexical frameworks are word classes which influence effects in a
text
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g
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The use of the definite
article substitutes repetition and creates an intimate relationship between writer and reader
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Indefinite article: such as “a” suggests that subject is unspecified and there is no shared
knowledge between the reader and writer, the writer usually then continues to specify through
nouns e
...
“a egg”
Nouns – These are used for naming a person, animals, place or thing
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g
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Proper nouns – Refers to a particular person or thing rather than a general class of something
...
g
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E
...
“man” “country” “day”
“book” this does not specify and refers to wide range categories
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Sometimes describes definite number
such as “pair” or “dozen” e
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“army” “bunch” “team” “pack” “swarm” can be used in fiction, articles
etc
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E
...

honesty
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Can be used in texts such as speeches, fiction etc
...
g
...
g
...
g
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g
...
g
...
g
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g
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These can be used in any text, such as fiction, recipe, instructions
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g
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“She” substitutes
“Jennifer” etc
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Can create intimate relationship with reader, direct
address
Prepositions – e
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“between”
!
“it is a secret between Stephanie and I”
Personal pronoun – “I” “you” etc
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Reflexive pronoun – “myself” “yourself” “himself” reflects to an earlier stated noun and suggests
shared knowledge between reader and writer, creating relationship
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Relative pronouns – “who” “whom” “whose” “which” “that” “what” this connects or relates
sentences together
Interrogative pronouns – “who” “whose” “whom” “which” “what” questions the reader, rhetorical,
creates relationship, persuades opinions
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Indefinite pronouns – “any” “each” “some” “several” general references, unspecific
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Adjective comes before a noun but sometimes can come
afterwards if separated
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g
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Possessive adjective – e
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“Sue brushes her hair” takes possession, e
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“my” “our” “his” “your”
“their” ownership claimed
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g
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Can be included
in fiction
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g
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Evaluative adjective – makes a judgement on the noun e
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“good” “bad” “horrible”
Superlative – The highest/most extreme case e
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“most” “biggest” “fastest” shows superiority,
level etc
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g
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Often found in
newspaper articles etc
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Verbs – word or a group of words which tell the reader what a person etc
...
g
...
The verb is the most important part of the sentence as it would not function
without it e
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“he drank his tea” “she went to the shop” These can be used in texts such as fiction,
instructions, recipes etc
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Transitive verb – verb takes action from subject across to object e
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“Alice liked Ben”
Intransitive verb – don’t have objects e
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“your socks smell” they make sense with the object and
some verbs are both transitive and intransitive e
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“she is playing” “she is playing the piano”
Infinitive – “wish” “run” “catch” etc
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Suggests undefined time
scale
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g
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Modifies a verb e
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“walked
clumsily” describes the verb
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