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Title: Basic Medical Endocrinology G-receptor coupled proteins and drug discovery
Description: This learning material is mainly focused on the G-protein coupled receptors, such as their classification, mechanism, and physiological role in the human body. 

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Hepatitis Delta Virus
Introduction
❖ Hepatitis delta virus or HDV was discovered in patients with a more severe
form of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection
❖ HDV is often called a virus but strictly speaking, it does not satisfy the
definition of a virus and should be called subviral
...


The process of their invasion and proliferation takes place through
the following steps
❖ First, the HDV virion binds to the human hepatocyte through an interaction
between the large HBsAg and the host receptor
❖ Entry, the HDV genome is translocated to the nucleus via the HDAg
❖ Upon arriving in the nucleus, HDV commandeers host RNA polymerase II,
a DNA-directed RNA polymerase, for transcription of HDV RNA
...

❖ Interestingly, HBV envelope proteins are made in excess so, even when
HBV is suppressed, additional HDV virions can still be assembled
❖ The HDV virion is released via the trans-Golgi network, where it can go on
to infect other hepatocytes Pathogenicity to the host, clinical characteristics
of the disease
...
HDV infection is known to occur either as a
coinfection or a superinfection
...

❖ HDV replicates only in the hepatocytes
...
Immuno-mediated liver
damage is thought to be implicated in HDV infection
...

❖ Jaundice occurs in the next phase, Fatigue and nausea usually continue, and
the serum bilirubin level becomes abnormal
...
This is evidence of
the liver’s diminished ability to excrete bilirubin
...

Adults who are at high risk for infection, such as those who use intravenous drugs,
should also be vaccinated
...


Treatment
❖ There are no known treatments for acute or chronic hepatitis Delta virus
❖ The most potential method is to use interferon-alpha monotherapy: A natural
substance that interferes with the ability of viruses to reproduce
...

❖ In addition, we have certain other medicines and methods of treatment:
1
...

3
...

5
...


Investigational therapies
Pegylated interferon lambda
Prenylation inhibitors (Lonafarnib)
Entry inhibitor (Myrcludex B)
Nucleic acid-based polymer (REP2139
If the damage to the liver becomes severe, and the liver cannot function
properly, an organ transplant must be used
Title: Basic Medical Endocrinology G-receptor coupled proteins and drug discovery
Description: This learning material is mainly focused on the G-protein coupled receptors, such as their classification, mechanism, and physiological role in the human body.