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Biology is the study of living organisms
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The Characteristics of living organisms
Living organisms have seven characteristics in common:
● Movement: a change in the position of a whole organism or of parts of an
organism
● Respiration: the process by which living organisms obtain or make food
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● Growth: a permanent increase in the size and complexity of an organism
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● Excretion: the process by which waste and harmful substances, produced by the
body’s metabolism, are removed from the body
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Classification of living organisms
Using similarities and differences between living organisms they can be classified into
groups
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Modern classification uses the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) to
assist in grouping organisms; the greater the similarity in their DNA structure, the more
closely related are the organisms
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A species is a group of organisms of
common ancestry that closely resemble each other and are capable of interbreeding to
produce fertile offsprings
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e species
genera
families
orders

classes

phyla

kingdoms

The five kingdoms
There are five kingdoms in the modern classification
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● Members of the other four kingdoms have cells that contain true nuclei
surrounded by membranes
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Viruses make up a group of organisms without any cellular structure
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Viruses are not included in the five
kingdom classification
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Prokaryotae

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g mitochondria,
chloroplasts
● Most feed by absorbing food, e
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● Cells have a true nucleus surrounded by
a membrane and other
membrane-bound organelles
● Protozoans are animal-like and ingest
food or absorb food
● Algae are plant-like, contain chlorophyll

and make their food by photosynthesis ,
e
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Amoeba, sargassum (seaweed) and
euglena
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Fungi

Includes yeasts, molds and mushrooms
● Most are multicellular with a body
composed of microscopic threads
called hyphae, a few are unicellular
● Cells have cell walls that contain chitin
● Cells lack chlorophyll
● Most reproduce by spores
● Feed by absorbing food , e
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Plantae ( Plants)

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●
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Multicellular organisms
Cells have cell walls made of cellulose
Cells contain chlorophyll
Make their own food by photosynthesis
Stationary organisms

5
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