Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

This Learning Module on The Contemporary World is the Sorsogon
State College’s response to providing flexible learning contents and
outcomes-based assessment to students
...
This module aims to develop among learners critical and
analytical thinking skills as they reflect on their roles and responsibilities
as global citizens
...
Using the various
disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political,
technological, and other transformations that have created an increasing
awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places around the
globe
...
Beyond exposing the
student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of
global citizenship and global ethical responsibility
...


FELINO S
...

SSC-Education-Accountancy Department

Introduction to Globalization
The Structures of Globalization
The Global Economy
Market Integration
The Global Interstate System
Contemporary Global Governance
A World of Regions
The Global Divides: The North and the South
Understanding Global Stratification
A World of Ideas
Media and Globalization
The Globalization of Religion
Global Population and Mobility
Global City
Global Demography
Global Migration
Towards a Sustainable World
Sustainable Development
Food Security
Global Citizenship
Global Citizenship

LESSON 1: WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
Different scholars have different viewpoints of what globalization is
...


OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:
•
•
•
•

describe the contemporary world
...
Writing a short paragraph of description of our present world is also an option
...


READING
Giddens (1990) points out that globalization is the intensification of worldwide social
relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events
occurring many miles and away
...
It produces solidarities in some
places and destroys them in others
...
In other words, it is a wholly contradictory process
...
I see it more as a shake-out of institutions in which new forms of unity go along
with new forms of unity go along with new forms of fragmentation
...
Khor (1995) in discussing the world politics expressed that globalization has
long been experienced by the Third World called colonization
...
Holm
and George (1998) described globalization as the intensification of economic, social and cultural
relations across borders
...
Simply, Kanter (1995) said
that it is a condition where the world is becoming a global shopping mall in which ideas and
products are available everywhere at the same time
...
It is about the unprecedented compression
of time and space as a result of political, economic and cultural change, as well as powerful
technological innovations
...

While globalization is a process, globality signifies a future social condition characterized by thick
economic, political and cultural interconnections and global flows that make currently existing
political borders and economic barriers irrelevant
...
He adds
that there are three kinds of globalism namely:
•

Market globalism advocates promise a consumerist, neoliberal, free-market world
...
However, it also reinforces inequality, and can be politically motivated
...
They disagree with market globalists who view neoliberalism
as the only way
...


Steger (2009) further defines globalization as the expansion and intensification of social
relations and consciousness across world-time and world space
...
The global economic order emerged after
World War II, when the Bretton Woods Conference laid the foundations for the IMF, World
Bank, and WTO
...
However,
this unstable growth led to the Great Financial Crash, where banks traded toxic assets
without regulation
...
The
Washington Consensus was drafted to reform indebted developing countries, but it has
thus far rarely helped countries develop
...
Traditional politics harboured an ‘us’ and ‘them’ mentality
...
The modern nation-state came into
being after the Protestant Reformation, characterized by centralized government and selfdetermination
...
However, national governments still hold
significant powers
...
Critics of cultural globalization claim that the
world is being homogenized or ‘Americanized’
...
The existence of the global
imaginary is linked to the rise of global media networks
...
Several
different hypotheses exist about the effects of language globalization
...
On the other hand, some foresee the rise of a
‘Globish’ language
...
There is an inexorable link between all humanity and the
planet Earth
...
All these problems are global — the result of aggregated human action — and
require a coordinated response
...

Furthermore Cox (1999) provides the characteristics of globalization trend:

▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪

internationalizing of production
globalizing of finance and securities trading
changing international division of labor
vast migratory movements from South to North
competitive environment that accelerates these processes
internationalizing of the state making states into agencies of the globalizing
world

POST READING ACTIVITY
Reflective discussion and written output with a classmate, relative, friend, or
household member
...
Craft your own personal definition of globalization based on how you have experienced it
...

2
...
Globalization, Knowledge and Society
...

Giddens, Anthony (1990)
...
Cambridge: Polity Press
...
, Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the
End of the Cold War (Boulder, CO: Westview), 1–17
...
World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy (New
York: Simon and Schuster, as cited in J
...
Scholte, “The Globalization of World Politics”, in
J
...
Smith (eds
...
New York: Oxford University Press, 1999
...
"Address to the International Forum on Globalization," New York City
...
(1990)
...
Quezon City: C & E
Publishing Inc
...
B
...
Globalization: A very short introduction
...

Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974)
...
New York: Academic Press
...
fas
...
edu/urgent-problems-enduring-questions

LESSON 2: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
The Global economy alludes to different financial exercises among various nations with
either negative or beneficial outcomes
...

Exchange interrelations are noteworthy pointers of the worldwide economy
...
Notwithstanding the drawbacks, globalization is still changing the world
...


OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:
1
...
Reflect on the various theories and perspectives explaining the practice of international trade;
3
...


HELPFUL POINTS
Economic Globalization
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) regards “economic globalization’ as a historical
process representing the result of human innovation and technological progress
...
These changes are the products of people,
organizations, institutions, and technologies
...

According to the United Nations (as cited by Shangquan, 2000), economic globalization
refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of
cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid
spread of technologies
...

International Trade
The conclusion of World War ll signaled the beginning of trade facilitation around the
globe
...
These trade rules were developed through
series of rounds or meetings of member ‘economies
...
Global trade has grown dramatically since the post-cold war era as
a result of increasing demand of goods and services of countries
...

Trade Theories
There are two types of trade theories explaining international trade
...
It deals with the natural order and movement of trade
...
It refers to the notion that individuals are the best economic agents to solve the
problems through invisible hand rather than the government ‘policies
...

• Prescriptive Theory
...
This
theory views government to have participation in deciding which countries to alter the
amount, composition and direction of goods
...
Their liberal ideas and contribution in understanding global trade are still
relevant until today
...
The advantage of this theory in international trade is deriving from the principle of
specialization and division of labor (Nau, 2009)
...
This period was the emerging eras of
nations-states and the formation of more central governments
...

▪ Export less high valued product and import less high valued product
▪ The benefits of colonial powers
...
The drive of European
countries to explore and colonize underdeveloped countries originated from the aggressive
mercantilist behavior of European economies
...


The Modern World System (MWS) theory deveIoped by Immanuel Wallerstein, explains the
contact of economies between core, semi peripheral, and peripheral countries in the world
...

Thus, the economic globalization and market integration of the 21 st century are extensions of the
same economic motives of imperial powers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Balaam
and Veseth, 2008)

ACTIVITY
Follow the product!
Globalization allows for a worldwide exchange of most of the commodities that we consume
...
You will also be able to know the countries involved in the production,
distribution, and consumption of the products being sold and consumed in the country
...
Choose a specific foreign product/brand that is being sold in the Philippines
...
List down the main ingredients or raw materials in manufacturing the chosen product
...

3
...
Indicate the
corresponding service the country does for the product (e
...
, Costa Rica planting of coffee
beans)
...
Aside from the Philippines, list other countries where the product is being sold
...
Consider communications and
transportation
...
Write one to three statements about the creation of the product and answer the following
questions:
• How do economic trading institutions influence global economic activity?
• How does it affect the Philippine economy?
• Does the position of rich countries as giants in the economic chain threaten the status of
less developed countries in the global market?

REFERENCES
Balaam, D and Vesseth, M
...

Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc
...
, Ramos, B
...
,Macaraeg, A
...
A
...
St
...

Claudio, L
...
(2018), The Contemporary World
...
,
Shangquan, G
...
Economic Globalization:Trends, risks and risk prevention
...
1
...

Nau, H
...
Perspectives on International Relations: Power, Institutions, and Ideas
...
Washington DC: CQ Press Sage Publishing
...

We often think of economy as something that covers a wide variety of financial aspects like
employment, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or the stability of stock markets
...
It is the social institution that organizes all
productions, consumptions and trade of goods in the society
...
These days, many occurrences of foreign affairs are
conducted to cement trading relations between and among nations
...


OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:
1
...
Relate the importance of International Financial Institutions to the creation of a global
economy;
3
...


HELPFUL POINTS
International Financial Institutions
An international financial institution (IFI) is a financial institution that has been
established (or chartered) by more than one country, and hence are subjects of international law
...

The Bretton Woods System
The major economies in the world had suffered because of World War I, the Great
Depression in the 1930, and World War II
...

These consist the background for the establishment of the Bretton Woods system
...
First element is the
expression of currency in terms of gold or gold value to establish a par value (Boughton, 2007)
...
106-107)
...

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization
(WTO)
According to Feet (2003), global trade and finance was greatly affected by the Bretton
Woods system
...
, 2007)
...
It focused on trade goods through
multinational trade agreements conducted in many rounds of negotiation
...

The WTO headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland with 152 member states as of
2008 (Trachtman, 2007)
...
A given nation
can be taken to task for such regulations if they are deemed to be an unfair restraint on the trade
in such items”
...
Their establishment was
mainly because of peace advocacy after the war
...
Both of them are basically banks, but instead of being started by individuals
like regular banks, they were started by countries
...
But, of course, the richest countries were those who handled most of the
financing and ultimately, those who had the greatest influence
...
The IMF’s main goal was to help countries which were in
trouble at that time and who could not obtain money by any means
...
IMF, in this case, served as a lender or a last resort
...
It is highly influential, despite the group having little formal power
...

In 1960, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was originally
comprised of Saudi Arabia, lraq, Kuwait, Iran, and Venezuela
...
OPEC was formed because member countries wanted to
increase the price of oil, which in the past had a relatively low price and had failed in keeping up
with inflation
...


The European Union (EU) is made up of 28 member states
...
Critics argue that the euro increased the prices in
Eurozones and resulted in depressed economic growth rates, like in Greece, Spain, and Portugal
...

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a trade pact between the United
States, Mexico, and Canada created on January 1, 1994 when Mexico joined the two other
nations
...

NAFTA helps in developing and expanding world trade by broadening international cooperation
...


ACTIVITY
Go for a virtual Tour!
Go to the web and accomplish these tasks:
a
...
) or an international company (Honda, McDonalds, Kimberly Clark,
etc
...
Research the origin and history of the institution you have chosen;
c
...
Then write an essay on how International Financial Institutions influence global
economic activity
...


REFERENCES
Aldama, P
...
The Contemporary World
...

Boughton, J
...
In Scholte, J
...
(eds
...
New York: MTM Publishing
Claudio, L
...
(2018), The Contemporary World
...
, Goldstein,
J
...
, Rivers, D
...
(2007)
...
International Organization
...
(2015)
...
MA: Wiley Blackwell
...
P (2007)
...
New York: MTM Publishing

Lesson 4: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
The world is composed of many states having different forms of government
...
The study of international relations is becoming more imperative
since it is an attempt to explain behavior that occurs across the boundaries of states, the broader
relationships of which such behavior is a part, and the institutions (private, state,
nongovernmental, and intergovernmental) that oversee those interactions
...
It will also tackle the different
institutions that govern international relations in order to facilitate connections among nationstates
...
Explain the effects of globalization on governments;
2
...
Write a position paper on the Philippines’ territorial and economic relations with China
...
The Westphalian system provided stability for the nations
of Europe, until it faced its major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte
...
Despite the challenge of Napoleon to the Westphalian system and the eventual collapse
of the Concert of Europe after World War I, present-day international system has traces of this
history
...
It is a group of people who
have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of a state
...
Globalization has, in a way reshaped the role and functions
of nation-states as governing bodies in their particular territories
...
Either they
conform to the neo-liberal ideas and free-market principles of deregulation,
privatization, and free trade or run the risk of being left behind in terms of development
...

Second is the establishment of economic and political integrations
...

EU has a single currency and monetary system, parliament with legislative powers,
with common citizens’ rights to live, work, vote and run for office
...

The third effect of globalization is the establishment of international laws and
principles
...

The fourth effect is the rise of transnational activism (TNA)
...
For
example, an advocacy-based organization in the Philippines may connect itself with
and get support from other human rights groups in Europe to pressure the Philippine
government to realign its stance and actions in upholding human rights
...
In order to facilitate connections among nation-states, intergovernmental
organizations (IGOs) were established
...
There are also nongovernmental
organizations promoting social and economic growth
...

• Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: The UN and NATO
Global politics entails relationship of countries and different governments and nongovernmental organizations, The United Nations (UN) is one of the leading political
organizations in the world where nation-states meet and deliberate
...
Generally, it functions in four areas: military issues,
economic issues, environmental issues, and human protection
...
(United Nations, 2011)
• Global Economic Associations: The WTO and NAFTA
The next group is an economic association-WTO which was created with the goal of
increasing free trade
...
In addition, tariffs are used to protect businesses and
companies inside their country
...
This is an
economic treaty between the United States, Canada, and Mexico in which the three countries
trade freely without taxing each other
...
Some American
autoworkers protested against NAFTA as several car companies moved their factories to

Mexico in search for cheaper labor
...

• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Established in 1967, now has 10 member states
...

• European Union (EU)
An IGO with 28- state members was established in 1993
...

• Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Another example of an international organization that was developed out of war is the Red
Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim countries)
...
This allows them
to operate freely throughout the world
...
They also monitor the treatment of prisoner of wars and go to conflicts to make sure that
no war crimes are taking place
...


ACTIVITY
Write a position paper on the Philippines’ territorial and economic relations with China
...

Remember: A good position paper must include:
• A brief introduction to the country and its history concerning the topic and committees;
• How the topic affects the country;
• The country's policies with respect to the issue and the country's justification for these
policies;
• Quotes from the country's leaders about the issue;
• Statistics to back up the country's position on the issue;
• Actions taken by the government with regard to the issue;
• Conventions and resolutions that the country has signed or ratified;
• UN actions that the country supported or opposed; and
• What the country believes should be done to address the issue
...
(2018)
...
Rex Book Store, Inc
...
, Leonardo, R
...
C & E Publishing, Inc
...
, Abinales, P
...
C & E Publishing, Inc
...
L
...
(2011)
...
New York, USA: United Nations
Department
of
Public
Information
...
weebly
...
pdf on May 13, 2020

Lesson 5: CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
The world has no global government and global authority
...
Thus what the world
has is the idea of global governance
...
It
involves a range of actors including states, national and regional bodies that have the eagerness
and commitment to deal with a particular challenge
...


OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:
1
...
Describe the challenges of global governance in the 21 st century;
3
...
Create a poster that depicts the participation of the Philippines in the global community

KEY POINTS
Today, global governance makes world affairs systematic, secured and formulaic
...
Rules and norms put everything in order
...
However, there are systems
for international relationships that bind the states, people and society together
...

The six organs of the United Nations (UN)
•
•
•
•

•

General Assembly is the central deliberative and the only organ where all member-states
have equal representation in discussion and consideration, and policymaking
Security Council is the organ which has the commitment to preserve peace and security
...

Trusteeship Council is the organ tasked to administer international oversight for 11 trust
territories and to make sure that adequate procedures are taken for independence and
self-government
...


•

Secretariat is the organ tasked to execute the daily activities as assigned by the other
organs
...
The
organization utilizes good offices, diplomacy, and mediation
...

In order to protect human rights, UN scrutinizes situations and issues reported to them and
oversee the exercise of international human rights agreements
...

The Millennium Development Goals was set to promote sustainable development
...
These goals are the
blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all
...

Weiss and Thakur (2014), in their article titles, The United Nations Meets the Twenty-first
Century: Confronting the Challenges of Global Governance, identify challenges confronting UN
based on knowledge, norms, policy, institutions and compliance:
1
...

2
...

3
...
UN
belittles the helping hand of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the global public
opinion
...

4
...
The modality and
processes for enforcing compliance with international norms and laws are not present
...

Despite the establishment of global norms and international laws that nation-states should
follow, the nation-states are still relevant for there will be no intergovernmental organization
without them
...
To conclude, contemporary global governance
defines political scope of globalization
...


POST READING ACTIVITY
Create a creative and colorful poster that depicts the participation of the Philippines in the global
community
...
You may use a long-sized
bond paper, a recycled paper or calendar for this activity
...
, Leonardo, R
...
C & E
Publishing, Inc
...
, Thakur, R
...
The SAGE Handbook of Globalization
UN Logo: www
...
com

Lesson 6: THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND SOUTH
1
...
Because of historical factors,
countries have been categorized as first world, second world and third world
...
Most often they are defined based on their wealth and development
...
Learning Outcomes
Knowledge
• Examine the term Global North and Global South
• Identify examples of countries which are categorized as Global North
and Global South
Skills
• Distinguish the characteristics of the Global North and Global South
Attitude
• React to the world order as divided into South and North

3
...


4
...

Submit your output in a pdf file
...
Focus Points/Highlights
Prior to the division of world as Global North and Global South, it was
divided into three world country (Gorman, 2003):
•
•
•

The “First World” are countries which are aligned with the United States
adhering to capitalism as their economic and political system
...
People use the
term “third world” to refer to poor nations in general, but many people are not
certain of its origin
...


Cold War is the term used to describe the rivalry between the United States and
the Soviet Union and their respective allies after World War II
...
It
was George Owell, an English writer who first used this term in 1945 to refer to what he
predicted would be a nuclear stalemate between “two or three monstrous super-states,
each possessed of a weapon by which millions of people can be wiped out in a few
seconds
...
It also includes South Africa and Israel (Odeh, 2010)
...
These countries experience turmoil, war, conflict,
poverty, anarchy and tyranny (Odeh, 2010)
...
On the
other hand, third world countries are now termed as the Global South
...
It is an
imaginary line dividing the world into two regions based on their GDP per capita
...
Nevertheless, this global partition has become blurry and less useful
since the economies of many countries have changed overtime
...
google
...
Post-Assessment
•

Make a two-column table showing 10 major differences of the global north and
global south
RUBRICS FOR ESSAY

CATEGORY

PROFICIENT
(8-10)

AVERAGE
(5-7)

NEEDS IMPROVEMENT
(0-4)

INTRODUCTION
(25%)

Very well stated and
provides very clear
direction for essay

Well stated and provides clear
direction for essay

Poorly stated and provides
unclear direction for essay

BODY
(50%)

Development of ideas is
highly observed
...

Statement(s) is very
well stated, purposeful
and perceptive
...

Statements and arguments are
supported with sufficient
evidence
...
Statements and
arguments are supported with
irrelevant evidence or no
evidence at all
...


Statement(s) is poorly
stated, incomplete, unfocused
or absent
...


7
...
Homework
Make 5 statements stating your thoughts/opinion why a country is rich or
poor
...
Rubric

CATEGORY

4

3

2

0

Creativity

All of the graphics
or objects used in
the collage reflect a
degree of student
creativity in his/her
display
...

Care has been
taken to balance the
pictures across the
area
...


Most of the graphics
or objects used in
the collage reflect
student creativity in
their display

Only a few
graphics or objects
reflect student
creativity, but the
ideas were typical
rather than creative
3-4 graphics are
lacking in design or
placement
...


...


The collage includes
7 different items

The collage includes
5different items
...


The collage contains
fewer than 5 different
items
...

The texts and labels
are correct and
provides insight to
the purpose/meaning
and design of the
collage purpose/
meaning and design
of the collage

A title is provided
that relates to the
collage
...


Title, texts and
labels are
incomplete and
partially relate to the
collage

No title or explanation
...

Placement of pictures
are not balanced
...

Most of the background
is showing
...


RUBRIC FOR COLLAGE
Source (edited/revised): https://studylib
...
References
Cold War: International Politics
...
britannica
...
The Complete Idiot's Guide to Economics
...
E
...
A Comparative Analysis of Global North and Global South
Economies
...
academia
...
A 60 Second Guide to the Global North/South
Divide
...
rgs
...
Overview of the lesson
There are several perspectives that explains why global inequality and global stratification
exists
...
Each theory
has different arguments in making us understand the unequal distribution of world’s resources
...
Learning Outcomes
Knowledge
• Differentiate the meaning of global stratification and global inequality
...

Skill
• Apply the theories of global stratification to the Philippine situation
Attitude
• Take a stand on the causes of social inequality in the Philippines

3
...
The United States is rich because___________________________
2
...
The Philippines is poor because_____________________________
4
...
Australia is a wealthy country because________________________
6
...
Many Filipinos wants to migrate in Canada because______________
8
...
Bangladesh is challenged by poverty because___________________
10
...
Activities or Tasks
DISTRIBUTION OF THE EARTH’S WEALTH

React to the figure below:
1
...

2
...
Focus Points/Highlights

Countries around the world are hierarchically arranged based on their resources,
status and power
...
Conversely, global inequality is the unequal distribution of resources, status
and power
...

There are several viewpoints why global stratification exists
...


Modernization theory
The development of wealthy nations is attributed to the “correct” beliefs, values,
and practices of its people
...

Such thought has been introduced by McClelland (1961) who believed that the value
attached to and the motivation for achievement are important in understanding why
societies have achieved development
...
Barkens (2011)
further explained that the theory has similarities with the culture of poverty theory which
states that countries have remained poor because they have failed to develop attitudes,
values beliefs which are essential to economic success since the beginning of
industrialization in the 19th century to present times
...
Prebish (as cited by Ferrero, 2008) is an Argentine
economist who observed that economic growth in the developed countries did not result
in growth in the poorer country but led to serious economic problems of poor nations
...
These “colonizers” after exploiting the resources will sell their products to their
“colonized” countries
...
The
exploitation of wealthy nations hindered poor countries to develop on their own
...
The core countries like the United States, Japan, Australia, Germany
characterized by high level of industrialization and capitalism
...
Taiwan,
South Korea, India, some countries in South America are examples
...
They are examples of
peripheral nations which are dependent on core countries for capital
...
google
...
youtube
...
Post-Assessment
Quiz:
https://drive
...
com/file/d/1g0rHN-H0QYSAMUPFy0PcOomxp6BpDGw/view?usp=sharing

7
...
Homework
Watch the video, Would you eat recycled landfill meat?” - BBC News:
https://www
...
com/watch?v=c7gDBVmgIRA&t=72s to have a glimpse on the
situation of poverty in the Philippines
...


9
...

Statements and arguments
are supported with
sufficient evidence
...
Statements and
arguments are supported
with irrelevant evidence or
no evidence at all
...


Statement(s) is poorly
stated, incomplete,
unfocused or absent
...

Statements and
arguments are
supported with
detailed and
convincing evidence
...


10
...
, "Sociology, Understanding and Changing the Social World"
(2011)
...
2
...
library
...
edu/fac_monographs/2
Ferraro, Vincent, "Dependency Theory: An Introduction," in The Development
Economics Reader, ed
...
58-64
https://www
...
edu/acad/intrel/depend
...
lib
...
edu/sociology/chapter/9-3explaining-global-stratification/
McClelland, David C
...
The Achieving Society
...


Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1
...
identify the factors that lead to a greater integration of Asian regions; and
3
...


Learning Experiences and Self-Assessment Activities
Preliminaries
Trigger question: What problems do developing countries face today, and how
can individuals contribute to solutions rather than awaiting the generosity of the state or
other actors?
Today we shall look closely at the unique integration mechanism of the Asian region and
how nation-states therein approach the contemporary challenges and facets of world
homogenization, division, and pandemic
...


Critical Reading Activity
Direction: Find the key ideas and details in the following excerpts:
Governments, associations, societies, and groups form regional organizations and/or
networks as a way of coping with the challenges of globalization
...
How, for instance, did the Philippines come to identify itself with the Southeast
Asian region? Why is it part of a regional grouping known as the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN)?
While regionalism is often seen as a political and economic phenomenon, the term actually
encompasses a broader area
...
Regionalism is also a process, and must be treated as an
“emergent, socially constituted phenomenon
...

Edward D
...
Milner state that economic and political definitions of
regions vary, but there are certain basic features that everyone can agree on
...
” Second, the words regionalization and regionalism should not be
interchanged, as the former refers to the “regional concentration of economic flows” while the
latter is “a political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination among
countries
...
One is for military defense
...
Moreover, there are countries that
form regional blocks to protect their independence from the pressures of superpower politics
...

Official regional associations now cover vast swaths of the world
...
These countries are also part of the “smaller” organizations that
include the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the
North American Free Trade Agreement, the Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, and the Union
of South American Nations
...
(Lisandro E
...
Abinales)
Globalization and regionalization are the same for they refer to integration
...
Globalization is worldwide while regionalization focuses on a specific
geographical region
...
Asian integration did not happen based on one historical event for there were different
factors that led to this alliance
...
New to
cooperation and collaboration goals, it has the 50-year-old ASEAN group and the failed East Asia
Economic Group (EAEG)
...

ASEAN has also partnered with three EAST Asian countries – China, Japan, and South
Korea
...
Its goal is to address the 1997 Asian financial crisis and help
each other cope with the crisis
...

There are some aspects that led to a greater Asian integration
...
Within Asia, there are a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social
relations, and infrastructures that are put in place for countries to engage in exchange
...
Conceived in
the 1960a, ADB promotes social and economic development in Asia
...
For example,
the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) aims to work on human security and
quality growth
...
Economies are mainly on

comparative advantage through the regional division of labor
...
The process aims to strengthen policy dialogue, coordination, and collaboration on
common financial, monetary, and fiscal issues
...
Brazalote, Ryan M
...
Ofalia)
Further Reading More detailed explanations on the above points are found in:
*Lesson 5 A World of Regions page 50 of The Contemporary World
...
Quezon City Philippines
...
Claudio and Patricio N
...
2018
...
Tumoroh C
...
Leonardo, and Bernardino C
...
2019
...

What are the factors that lead to a greater integration of Asian regions? Give examples
for each
...


Assignment: Metacognitive Reading and Report on COVID-19 (Optional):
Read the article online and complete the personal statements that follow
...
org/10
...
The (3) three things that I significantly learned from the assigned reading are …

2
...
I used to think that …

4
...
Brazalote, Ryan M
...
Ofalia
...
The
Contemporary World Outcome-Based Module
...
Claudio and Patricio N
...
2018
...
C & E
Publishing, Inc
...

https://doi
...
1093/jaenfo/jnaa019
https://gened
...
harvard

---