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An early history of the discipline of translation
Writings on the subject of translating go far back in recorded history
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In the west,
the different ways of translating were discussed by, among others, Cicero and Horace (first
century #$&) and St Jerome (fourth century $&)
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In St Jerome’s case, his approach to translating the Greek
Septuagint Bible into Latin would affect later translations of the Scriptures
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In China, it was
the translation of the Buddhist sutras that inaugurated a long discussion on translation practice
from the first century
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Before that, translation had
often been relegated to an element of language learning
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Applied to
Classical Latin and Greek and then to modern foreign languages, this centred on the rote study of
the grammatical rules and structures of the foreign language
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This is an approach that persists even today in certain
contexts
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They appear in K
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The peasants enjoyed their weekly visits to the market
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Mrs Evans taught French at the local grammar school
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Translation exercises were regarded as a means of
learning a new language or of reading a foreign language text until one had the linguistic ability to
read the original
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Grammar-translation therefore fell into increasing
disrepute, particularly in many English-language countries, with the rise of alternative forms of
language teaching such as the direct method and the communicative approach from the 1960s
and 1970s (Cook 2010: 6–9, 22–26)
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It often privileged spoken over written forms, at least initially, and generally avoided
use of the students’ mother tongue
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As far as teaching was concerned, translation then tended to become restricted to higher-level and
university language courses and professional translator training
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In 1960s USA, starting in Iowa and Princeton, literary translation was promoted by the translation
workshop concept
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A
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The translation workshops were intended as a platform for the introduction of new
translations into the target culture and for the discussion of the finer principles of the translation
process and of understanding a text
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Another area in which translation became the subject of research was contrastive linguistics
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It developed into a systematic area of research in the USA from the
1930s onwards and came to the fore in the 1960s and 1970s
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g
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The contrastive approach heavily influenced important linguistic research into
translation, such as Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) and Catford (1965), even if it did not incorporate
sociocultural and pragmatic factors nor sufficiently the role of translation as a communicative act
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Among the specific models used are those related to generative
grammar, functional linguistics and pragmatics
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There are a number of now classic examples:
Q Andrei Fedorov’s Osnovy obshchey teorii perevoda [Foundations of a General Theory of
Translation] (1953/1968), described by Mossop (2013) and shown by Pym (2016) to have
heavily influenced Vinay and Darbelnet and Loh (below);
Q Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet produced their Stylistique comparée du français et de
l’anglais (1958), a contrastive study of French and English which introduced key terminology
for describing translation
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This more systematic approach began to mark out the territory of the ‘scientific’ investigation of
translation
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The German equivalent, Übersetzungswissenschaft, was taken up by
Wolfram Wilss in his teaching and research at the Universität des Saarlandes at Saarbrücken, by
Werner Koller in Heidelberg and by the Leipzig School, where scholars such as Otto Kade and
Albrecht Neubert became active (see Snell-Hornby 2006)
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