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Blood groups
5
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22)
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5
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There are at least 33 subgroups with more
than 200 different subtypes, some of which are extremely rare
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22 The genes that
determine the A and B blood
group antigens are located on
chromosome 9
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Many
studies have investigated
relationships between blood
groups and diseases including
cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid
arthritis and psoriasis, with the
aim of trying to shed light on the
disease processes
...
5
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5
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1 ABO system
The ABO system is used internationally and the four groups in the system
depend on the presence or absence of:
• two blood group antigens called A and B which are found on the surface of
erythrocytes (red cells) (k Box 5
...
2)
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Those who inherit A
antigens are blood group A; if they inherit B antigens, they are group B; if they
inherit both antigens they are Group AB and if they inherit neither antigen
they are group O
...
Antigens and antibodies are discussed further in Chapter 14: Immunity
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23 Antigens are proteins
that cause the immune system to
produce antibodies –
immunoglobulins (k 14
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1)
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In
paternity cases,
a blood sample can show whether
a man is the father of a child
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7
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24 Rhesus disease
(haemolytic disease of the
newborn) results from destruction
(haemolysis) of red cells in the
foetus by antibodies from the
mother’s blood passing through
the placenta; they can continue
attacking the baby’s red cells for a
few months after birth
...
To prevent this, rhesus negative
mothers are routinely given anti-D
immunoglobulin (k Fig
...
9) which
neutralises any RhD positive
antigens that may have entered
the mother’s blood during
pregnancy
...
Whether someone is RhD positive or RhD negative is determined by
the presence of the rhesus D (RhD) antigen – a molecule found on
the surface of red blood cells
...
In the UK, around 85% of the
population are RhD positive
...
If the child is RhD negative
like the mother there is no problem, but if the baby is RhD positive like its
father, and maternal and foetal blood come into contact during pregnancy or
delivery, the mother will become sensitised to the RhD positive antigen and
the immune system will recognise it if it meets it again
...
5
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24)
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–
RhD antigens
from the baby
may cross to
the mother
mother
produces anti-D
antibodies
placenta
Box 5
...
This
is caused by the disintegration
of red cells, with the release of
haemoglobin into the blood
...
5)
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+
RhD antigens
Fig
...
9 Rhesus factor: mother and baby implications