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BIOTECHNOLOGY
Major Concept:
Introduction of biotechnology
Fermentation
Genetic Engineering
Single cell protein
Humans have been making use of
biotechnology since they discovered farming
...
Animal breeding is also a form of
biotechnology
...
These
techniques were used to enhance product
quality and to meet specific requirements
...


INTRODUCTION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Biotechnology is defined as the use of living
organism in processes for the manufacture of
useful products or for services
...
Fermentation and other such
processes, which are based on the natural
capabilities of organism, are commonly
considered as old biotechnology
...
some of these processes have
become a part of every home that we may
even hesitate to refer them as biotechnology
...
e
...
It is
done to alter the characteristics of organism
...
Scientist isolated the
enzymes of DNA synthesis and then prepared
DNA outside cells
...
In 1978,
scientist prepared human insulin by inserting
the insulin gene in bacteria
...
In
1990, the Human Genome project was
launched to map all the genes in human cell
...

In Scotland in 1997 an embryologist Ian
Wilmot produced a sheep (dolly) from the
body cell of an adult sheep
...
It has attracted the
attention of many intellectuals from diverse
fields like agriculture, medicine, microbiology

and organic chemistry
...
The following are some
areas of the application of biotechnology
...

A large number of vaccines and antibodies;
human growth hormone and other medicines
have also been produced
...
Gene therapy (treatment
through genes) has become important in
recent years
...
The study of DNA helps in
the identification of criminals
...
g
...
g
...
Wine and beer are
produced in beverage industry
...

Transgenic (organism with modified genetic
set-up) plants are being developed; in which
desirable characteristics are present e
...
more
yields and resistance against diseases, insects
and herbicides
...
many
animals like mice, cow, goats etc
...

Biotechnology and Environment:
Biotechnology is also being used for dealing
with environmental issues, like pollution
control development of renewable sources
for energy, restoration of degraded lands and
biodiversity conservation
...

Microbes are being developed to be used as
bio-pesticides, bio-fertilizer, bio-sensors etc
...

FERMENTAION:
We know that in cellular respiration, glucose
molecules go through oxidation-reduction
reactions to release energy in the form of
ATP
...
Fermentation has been in the
knowledge of man since centuries, but it was
believed that it is purely a chemical process
...
He showed that
fermentation is always accompanied by the
development of microorganisms
...

Fermentation is classified in terms of the
products formed
...
The process begins with
glycolysis, in which the glucose, molecules is
broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid
...
It results in the
formation of various products from pyruvic
acid
...

1
...
This process is quite important
and is used to produce bread, beer, wine,
and distilled spirits
...
The

product i
...
acetaldehyde is then reduced to
ethanol
...

2
...
It is carried out by many bacteria
e
...
streptococcus and many lactobacillus
species
...


FERMENTATION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY:
In beginning, the meaning of fermentation
process was the use of microorganisms for
the production of foods (cheese, yogurt,
fermented pickles and sausages, soy sauce),
beverages (beers, wines) and spirits
...

APPLICATIONS OF FERMENTATION
In fermentation, maximum growth of an
organism is obtained for the production of
desired products of commercial value
...
Now many other products
e
...
industrial chemicals are also being
produced
...
It is
also tends to preserve the food, lowering the
need for refrigeration
...

Cereal products:
Bread is the commonest type of fermented
cereal product; wheat dough is fermented by
S
...

Dairy products:
Cheese and yogurt are important
fermentation products
...
This
happens when the acid produced by lactic
acid bacteria reacts with milk protein
...

Fruit and vegetable products:

Fermentation is usually used, along with salt
and acid, to preserve pickle, fruit and
vegetable
...
Dried and ground into fine
powder, fermentation of the powder is done
by yeast
...
Grapes can be directly
fermented by yeasts to wine
...

Produ Microorgan Some users
cts
ism used
Formic Aspergillus Used in textile dyeing,
Acid
leather
treatment,electroplating
,rubber manufactures
Ethan Saccharom Used as solvent; used in
ol
yces
the production of
vinegar and beverages
Glycer Saccharom Used as solvent; used in
ol
yces
the production of
plastics, cosmetics and
soaps; used in printing
used as sweetener
Acrylic Bacillus
Used in the production
acid
of plastics

Fermenter:
Fermenter Is a device that provides optimum
environment to microorganism to grow into a
biomass, so that they can interact with a
substrate, forming the product
...

In fact the fermenter constitutes the heart of
any industrial fermentation process
...
The
temperature and pH for microbial
fermentation is properly adjusted
...


Supplements are added
...
The pure culture of
microorganism is added to fermenter from a
separate vessel
...
Fermenter is cleaned and the
process is repeated
...


Continuous Fermentation:
In this process, the substrate is added to
fermenter continuously at a fixed rate
...
Fermentation products are taken out
continuously
...


Advantage of using fermenters:
For each biotechnological process, the
environment provided to the organism must
be monitored and controlled
...

A fermenter may hold several thousand liters
of the growth medium
...


Genetic Engineering:
Genetic Engineering or recombinant DNA
technology involves the artificial synthesis,
modification, removal, addition and repair of
the genetic material (DNA)
...
As a result the
characteristics of the host organism could be
changed
...
Consequently, it is possible to
obtain millions of copies of a specific DNA
inside a bacterial cell
...

Isolation of a particular gene or part of a gene
for various purposes such as gene therapy
...

Improvement in the production of enzymes
drugs and commercially important organic
chemicals
...

Basic steps in Genetic Engineering:
All the above mentioned objectives can be
obtained by some basic methodologies, such
as:
1
...
Special enzymes called restricted
endonuclease are used to cut the identified
gene from the total DNA of donor organism
...
Insertion of the gene into a vector
A vector is selected for the transfer of the
isolated gene of interest to the host cell
...
The gene of
interest is attached with the vector DNA by
using endonuclease (breaking enzymes) and
ligase
...
The vector DNA

and the attached gene of interest are
collectively called recombinant DNA
...
Transfer of Recombinant DNA into host
organism
Recombinant DNA is transferred to the
target host, in this way host organism is
transformed into a genetically modified
organism (GMO)
4
...

5
...

ACHIEVEMENT OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
Various achievements of genetic
engineering are as follows

Human insulin gene was transferred into
bacteria
...
Diabetic
are now receiving this insulin
...


In 1977 an E
...


Before genetic engineering 500,000 sheep
brains were required to produce 5mg human
growth hormone
...

Beta- endorphin, a pain killer produced by the
brain, has also been produced by genetic
engineering techniques
...

Interferon is anti-viral proteins produced by
cells infected with viruses
...


The enzyme Urokinase, which is used to
dissolve blood clots, has been produced by
genetically modified microorganism
...
This cell leads to
the elimination of inherited diseases like
hemophilia
...
Normally genes could
be transferred into the bone marrow
...
Such plants need less fertilizer
...
g
...
Single-cell protein (SCP) refers to the
protein content extracted from pure or mixed
cultures of algae, yeasts fungi or bacteria
...
These
microorganisms utilize a variety of substrate like
agricultural wastes, industrial wastes, natural gas

like methane etc
...
The
protein content produced by microorganism is also
known as novel protein or minified
...

We know that due to over-population
...
In future the
conventional agriculture methods might not be able
to provide a sufficient supply of food (especially
proteins)
...
This technique was introduced
by Prof
...
Scientist and food technologist believe
that single-cell proteins will substitute the other
protein-rich foods in human and animal feeds
...
The
microorganism grows very vigorously and produces
a high yield
...
Algae grown in ponds produce 20 tons (dry
weight) of protein per acre/year
...
When single-cell proteins
are produced by using yeasts, the products also
contain high vitamin content
...
It helps in
controlling pollution
...
Moreover the production
of single-cell proteins is independent of seasonal
variations

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