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DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to my beloved mother, Mrs
...


1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank all who in one way or another contributed in the completion of this
work
...

I am so grateful to Salem University, Lokoja (SU) for making it possible for
me to study here
...

I extend profound gratitude to my highly esteemed lecturers who give me
a professional guidance and taught me a great deal about both scientific
research and life in general
...
Dr
...
Okwendi Solomon and Dr
...
They
have taught me more than I could ever give them credit for
...

Ameh Sunday and Dr
...
They have taught me another aspect
of life, that “goodness can never be defied and good human beings can
never be denied”
...

My special regards to my friends Comr
...
A Muhammed, to mention but few
...


2

Finally, nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of this book
than the members of my family
...
They are the ultimate
role models
...

Again, to God is the Glory
...
A Mohammed about taking on the writing
of Criminological terms
...
My anxiety rose by a
factor of ten when, on asking who had written such book before in
contemporary Criminological issues in Nigeria
...
My anxiety did
not diminish!
But however, the decision to develop a compendium of varied
criminological jargons was borne out of the desire to evolve a literature
that will be of intellectual value to serve students, scholars, and researchers
in pursuant of their academic interest
...
In its widest sense, it seems to me that, it is
undeniable that we have gone far back, and that as a result, the need to
improve students’ sense of criminological lexicons become urgent
...
The basic
factors which we cannot under any circumstances ignore is that students
need to be accustomed with the terminology of their discipline, and as
such, it will help them to express themselves better in the criminal world
...
It will help to advance professionalism and become
a leader in advocating the ideas required to improve the Criminal Justice
System

(CJS)

and

unlock

the

dominant

potentials

of

student’s

intellectualism
...
It includes
legal definitions of terms as defined in the several books of dictionary
...
I
have implicit confidence to share my experience in other to assuage and
breed initiative ideas in approaching criminological issues
...
Achieving these will not only be a source of
5

fulfillment for me, but shall challenge me and other criminologist of like
minds to explore further possibilities as we project the Nigeria
criminologist through the 21st century
...
Sc Criminology
& Security Studies)

6

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Acknowledgement-------------------------------------------------------------------------2-3
Preface---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-6

CHAPTER ONE
Abuse-Acquit--------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Administrative criminology-Ageism-----------------------------------------------------14
Ambush- Admission------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Admissible-Alibi----------------------------------------------------------------------------16
Anomie- Appeal-----------------------------------------------------------------------------17
Allocution- Altruism---------------------------------------------------------------------18
Arrest- Asset forfeiture---------------------------------------------------------------------19
Atavism- Atrocities-------------------------------------------------------------------------20
Attempt-Adjudications---------------------------------------------------------------------21
Accusations- Attrition----------------------------------------------------------------------22
Assault- Autopsy----------------------------------------------------------------------------23
CHAPTER TWO
Backstabbing-Bias Motivated----------------------------------------------------------24
Ballistics-Booking-------------------------------------------------------------------------25
Born criminals- Bifurcation-------------------------------------------------------------26
Bigamy- Blackmail-----------------------------------------------------------------------27
Burglary- Body language---------------------------------------------------------------28
Breach- Bribery----------------------------------------------------------------------------29
CHAPTER THREE
Capital punishment- Clientelism----------------------------------------------------30
Clique- Conspiracy----------------------------------------------------------------------31
Confiscation order- Constitutive criminology------------------------------------32
Containment- Cross-examination-----------------------------------------------------33
Compelled-Classical School------------------------------------------------------------34
Contravention-Criminalizing----------------------------------------------------------35
Cuffing- Collateral------------------------------------------------------------------------36
Compliance- Civil justice----------------------------------------------------------------37
Clearance Rate-Crime flux--------------------------------------------------------------38
7

Crime- Cultural criminology-----------------------------------------------------------39
Culpable- Corporal punishment------------------------------------------------------40
Corporate crime- Consensus model--------------------------------------------------41
Command- Crime prevention---------------------------------------------------------42
Criminal justice system- Cycloid------------------------------------------------------43
CHAPTER FOUR
Dangerousness- Decarceration-------------------------------------------------------44
Deception- Deterrence strategy------------------------------------------------------45
Detect row- Defendant-----------------------------------------------------------------46
Deterrent- Demeanor--------------------------------------------------------------------47
Deception- Drug-defined crimes----------------------------------------------------48
Duress--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
CHAPTER FIVE
Economic crime- Enforcement------------------------------------------------------50
Estoppels- Evidence based policing-----------------------------------------------51
Exile- Entrapment----------------------------------------------------------------------52
Exemplary damages- Eyewitness-------------------------------------------------53
CHAPTER SIX
False Pretense- Fraud------------------------------------------------------------------54
First Appearance- Fence or Receiver----------------------------------------------55
Felony- Fraudulent---------------------------------------------------------------------56
Fraudulent preference- Firearm----------------------------------------------------57
Frisking-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
CHAPTER SEVEN
Gang rape- Guilty by reason of insanity-----------------------------------------59
Grievous bodily harm-----------------------------------------------------------------60
CHAPTER EIGHT
Habeas corpus- Hijack----------------------------------------------------------------61
Harm- Human rights------------------------------------------------------------------62

8

CHAPTER NINE
Id- Inchoate Crime---------------------------------------------------------------------63
Informant- Indict-----------------------------------------------------------------------64
Indictment- Imprisonment----------------------------------------------------------65
Incapacitated- Implication----------------------------------------------------------66
Investigation- Insurgency-----------------------------------------------------------67
Impunity---------------------------------------------------------------------------------68
CHAPTER TEN
Jurisdiction- Judicial review----------------------------------------------------------69
Justice model- Juvenile offender----------------------------------------------------70
CHAPTER ELEVEN
Kerb crawling- Knowing: -------------------------------------------------------------71

CHAPTER TWELVE
Larceny- Legislation----------------------------------------------------------------72
Libel- Lewd--------------------------------------------------------------------------73
Law- Liquidated damages--------------------------------------------------------74

CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Mafia- Mala in se-------------------------------------------------------------------------75
Mala prohibita- Menace---------------------------------------------------------------76
Mere Suspicion- Miscarriage of justice-------------------------------------------77
Misconduct- Mugging------------------------------------------------------------------78
Mutilation- Motive----------------------------------------------------------------------79

CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Narcotics- Notorious--------------------------------------------------------------------80
Norm- Nurturant strategy-------------------------------------------------------------81

CHAPTER FIFTEEN
Obstruction of Justice- Offender Management---------------------------------82
Offender profiling- Organized crime----------------------------------------------83
Onslaught- Ordeals---------------------------------------------------------------------84
9

CHAPTER SIXTEEN
Parole- Per pro---------------------------------------------------------------------------85
Peacemaking criminology- Precipitate-------------------------------------------86
Precedent- Preponderance of evidence-------------------------------------------87
Pilferage- Probation-----------------------------------------------------------------88
Prosecution- Positivist criminology----------------------------------------------89
Post-mortem- Preliminary hearing-----------------------------------------------90
Probable cause- Psychopath-------------------------------------------------------91
Psychosis –Phenomenology--------------------------------------------------------92

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
Qualitative measure- Quantitative data-------------------------------------------93

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
Radical criminology- Recidivism----------------------------------------------------94
Reductivism- Res ipsa loquitur------------------------------------------------------95
Resisting arrest- Retribution----------------------------------------------------------96
Retributivism- Recidivism------------------------------------------------------------97
Remand- Reasonable suspicion------------------------------------------------------98
Rebellion- Rule of law------------------------------------------------------------------99

CHAPTER NINETEEN
Sabotage- Sentencers-------------------------------------------------------------------100
Self-regulation- Serial Keller---------------------------------------------------------101
Second-degree murder- Sexual offending---------------------------------------103
Sexual battery- Social Crime--------------------------------------------------------104
Social order- Social disorganization----------------------------------------------105
Situational crime prevention- Stalking------------------------------------------106
Statutory law- Subpoena-------------------------------------------------------------107
Surreptitious Entry- Sentence-------------------------------------------------------108
Summary Proceedings- Suicide----------------------------------------------------109
Scene of crime- Stare decisis---------------------------------------------------------110
Specific deterrence- Skyjacking----------------------------------------------------111

10

CHAPTER TWENTY
Tort- Threat------------------------------------------------------------------------------112
Threatening behavior- Tribunal---------------------------------------------------113
Terrorism- Trephination-------------------------------------------------------------114
Tyrannical--------------------------------------------------------------------------------115

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
Undertaking- Unlawful wounding------------------------------------------------116
Unliquidated damages- Underworld---------------------------------------------117

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
Vandalism- Vicarious liability-----------------------------------------------------118
Vice- Victim impact statements----------------------------------------------------119
Violations- Victim-proneness------------------------------------------------------120
Vandalism- Victimless----------------------------------------------------------------121

CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
Warrant- Weapons----------------------------------------------------------------------122
Willful Homicide- Writ---------------------------------------------------------------123
REFERENCES----------------------------------------------------------------------124-125

11

How to use the book
Order of entries:
The entries in this book are arranged in alphabetical order
...


12

CHAPTER ONE
‘When a man is denied the right to live the life he believes in, he has no choice
but to become an outlaw’
...
Abuse: Abuse is the improper usage or treatment of an entity, often
to unfairly or improperly gain benefit
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

6
...

7
...
Under
this perspective, the offender is considered only as a ‘rational actor’
who makes calculated decisions about the costs and benefits of
criminal action
...

8
...

9
...
It involves
stereotypical assumptions about a person’s or group physical or
mental capacities and is often associated with derogatory language
...
Ambush: An ambush is a long-established military tactics in which
combatants take advantage of concealment and element of surprise to
attack unsuspecting enemy combatants from concealed positions,
such as among dense underbrush or behind hilltops
...
Appellant: An appellant is someone who is appealing against a
court’s decision after they have been judged guilty of a crime
...
Adjourned: To break off (a meeting, legal case, or game) with the
intention of resuming it later
...
Alarm: An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives an audible,
visual or other form of alarm signal about a problem or condition
...

14
...

15
...

16
...
It could be a written or verbal statement bya
person concerning the truth
...
Admissible: Acceptable or valid, especially as evidence in a court
of law: Accused or able to be considered in a court of law
...
Affidavits: A

type of verified statement or showing or in other

words, that contains a verification, meaning and is under oath
or penalty of perjury, and this serves as evidence to its veracity
and is required for court proceedings
...
Affirmation: The act of affirming or the state of being affirmed
that something is true or false
...
Affray: Fighting unlawfully, it is a criminal offence
...
Aiding and abetting: The legal term aiding and abetting refers to a
person’s action to help, support, or approve of someone else’s illegal
act
...

22
...
If someone is accused of a crime their alibi is:

evidence

that the person was somewhere else when the crime was committed;

16

or an attempt to prove that the person was somewhere else when the
crime was committed
...
Anomie: This is a "condition in which society provides little moral
guidance to individuals"
...

24
...

25
...

26
...
Appeals
function both as a process for error correction as well as a process of
clarifying and impacting law
...
Allocution: An allocution, or allocutus, is a formal statement made to
the court by the defendant who has been found guilty prior to being
sentenced
...

28
...
Ammunition is both expendable
weapons and the component parts of other weapons that create the
effect on a target
...
Alter ego: Your alter ego is a person to whom you are so close
that he almost seems like an essential part of you, and who
understands your unique perspective on the world
...
Altruism: Behavior which takes account of the interest of others
usually treated as in opposition to egoism, selfishness, and
individualism
...
People do have regard to the interests and needs of
others, make sacrifices for theirchildren and even non-kin, and
contribute to public goods
...
Arrest: An arrest is the act of apprehending a person and taking them
into custody, usually because they have been suspected of
committing or planning a crime
...

32
...
Assaults: An assault is the act of inflicting physical harm or
unwanted physical contact upon a person or, in some specific legal
definitions, a threat or attempt to commit such an action
...

34
...
In federal anti-drug
laws: the authorization of judicial representatives to seize all moneys,
negotiable instruments, securities, or other things of value furnished

19

or intended to be furnished by any person in exchange for a
controlled substance, and all proceeds traceable to such an exchange
...
Atavism: A concept used by Cesare Lombroso to suggest that
criminals are physiological throwbacks to earlier stages of human
evolution
...
However, it also refers to “Condition
characterized by the existence of features thought to be common in
earlier stages of human evolution
...
Attorney aka Lawyer aka Counsel: A person trained in law, admitted
to practice before the bar of a given jurisdiction, and authorized to
advise, represent, and act for other persons in legal proceedings
...

37
...
The dispute will be decided by
one or more person
...
Atrocities: Atrocity is an extremely wicked or cruel act, typically one
involving physical violence or injury
...

39
...
An
attempt is a separate and distinct offense in and of itself
...
Assassinations: The act to murder an important person specially
for political reasons
...
Allegations: A public statement that is made without giving proof,
accusing, a statement that is made and declaring that something has
happened without prove or evidence
...
Advocates: A lawyer who has the right to argue case in higher
courts
43
...

44
...


21

45
...

46
...
The meaning of arraignment varies
among jurisdictions
...

47
...
It may occur either in retaliation or without
provocation
...

48
...

49
...
This gap occurs because there are a
number of stages in the criminal justice process and crimes are
weeded out at each stage so that the number of convictions
represents only a small proportion of crime that has been committed
...
Assault: When someone threatens another person with physical
harm
...
Autopsy: An autopsy is a surgical procedure that consists of a
thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the
cause and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that
may be present for research or educational purposes
...

-Arthur Goldberg (Former US Supreme Court Judge)
52
...

53
...

54
...

24

55
...

56
...

57
...

58
...
But a bombardment can also mean a pummeling with
lot of other things: questions, spit balls, or e-mails
...
Booking: A police administrative action officially recording an arrest
and identifying the person, the place, the time, the arresting
authority, and the reason for the arrest
...
Fingerprinting is not
a necessary feature of this event
...
Born criminals: Individuals who are born with a genetic predilection
towards criminality
...
Bomb Actual: All violations of regulations or statutes controlling the
carrying, using, possessing, furnishing, and manufacturing of
explosives and explosive devices
...
Behavioral conditioning: Principle that holds the frequency of any
behavior can be increased or decreased through reward, punishment,
and association with other stimuli
...
Behavioral conformity: The tendency to make one’s actions comply
with prevailing norms, irrespective of one’s personal belief; distinct,
therefore, from the full conformists’ who endorse norms and
behavior alike
...
Bifurcation: This refers to sentence in Zealously that embraces a
‘twin-track’ approach whereby serious offences receive severe
penalties (such as long terms of imprisonment) and less serious
crimes are responded to leniently (by responses such as noncustodial sentences served in the community)
...
Bigamy: The offence committed by someone who is already married
but still goes through a marriage ceremony with someone else
...
Burglary: The crime of entering a building illegally and stealing
things from it
...
Battery: The act of using physical force on someone either
intentionally or carelessly and without their agreement
...

68
...

69
...

70
...
Burglary: The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or
theft
...

72
...
The behavior is often
repeated and habitual
...
Brutality: Brutality is cruel and violent treatment or behaviour
...

74
...

75
...

76
...


28

77
...

78
...


29

CHAPTER THREE
“One who spares the guilt threatens the innocent”
...
Legal Mazism
79
...

80
...

81
...

82
...
The main focus of classicist criminology was
on the reform of the criminal justice system
...
Clientelism: The practice among those with power or influence of
favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs
...
Clique: An internal cluster or action within a group
85
...

86
...
Clans are either matrilineal (matrican) or patrilineal
(patrican) descent, recruiting the children of either male or female
members accordingly
...
L Kroeber, Zuni Kin and clan (1917)
...
Cloning: Cloning is the producing genetically identical individuals of
an organism either naturally or artificially
...
Community penalties: These embrace non-custodial responses to
crime that are served by offenders within their communities
...

89
...


31

90
...
This is called a confiscation order
...
Conflict Perspective: Holds that crime is the natural consequence of
economic and other social equalities
...
Forces that result are a major
determinant of behavior
...
Cohort: A group of individuals sharing certain significant social
characteristics in common, such as sex, time, and place of birth
...
Conscious mind: Being aware (cognizant) of one’s actions and
emotions
...

Consumer expenditure (or in shorthand consumption)The money
from income, savings, or from borrowing spent on the purchase of
currently produced goods and services
...

94
...

95
...

96
...

97
...

98
...

99
...
See cremation Act 1902; regulation to SK & O
1902)
...
Cross-examination: The questioning

of a witness or party

during a hearing or deposition by the party opposing the one
who asked the person to testify in or deer to evaluate the truth
of that person to testify in or deer to evaluate the truth of that

33

person’s testimony, to develop the or to accomplish any other
objective
...
Compelled: To force someone to do something or to get
something from someone using forces or coercion
...
Coroner: This is a public official, appointed or elected, in a
particular geographic jurisdiction, whose official duty is to make
inquiry into deaths in certain categories
...

103
...

104
...

105
...
Punishment must outweigh the benefits of
the criminal rewards
...
Contravention: An action which intend, against a law, treaty,
or other ruling
...
Co-defendants: A defendant in the same lawsuit or criminal
prose caution as another defend daub or groups of defendants
...
Custody: To act of canting someone is movement in a building
in other to avoid free movement
...
Confession: A confession is a statement made by a person or
by a group of persons acknowledging some personal fact that
the person world ostensibly prefer to keep hidden
...
Condemnation: Condemnation is the act of declaring something
awful or evil
...

Condemnation comes from the verb condemn, "to strongly
disapprove
...
Criminalizing: The process by which behavior and individuals
are transformed into crime and criminals behaviors or legal act
may be transformed

into comes by legislation or judicial

decision
...
Cuffing: This practice entails a police officer either not recording a
crime that has been reported or downgrading a reported crime to an
incident which can be excluded from official statistics
...
Culprit: Someone who has committed a crime or done something
wrong
...
Confinement: This is the state of

being forced to stay in a

prison or another place which you cannot leave
...
Court: A body of people presided over by a judge, judges, or
magistrate, and acting as a tribunal in civil and criminal cases
...
Combat: Is a purposeful violent conflict to weaken, establish
dominance

over,

or

kill

the

opposition,

or

to

drive

the

opposition away from a location where it is no respected or
needed
...
Collateral: This is refers to what you promise to give someone
if you don’t repay a loan, like the car you put up as collateral
when you take a loan out from the bank
...


36

118
...

119
...

120
...
It
is a form of dishonesty or activity undertaken by a person or
organization entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire
illicit benefit
...
Civil Law: Branch of modern law that governs relationships
between parties
...
Civil justice: Law of procedure, and the array of procedure and
activities having to do with private rights and remedies sought by
civil action
...


37

123
...

124
...
A charge document, which
contains one or more criminal charges or counts, can take several
forms, including: complaint, Information, indictment
...
Criminal Negligence: A person does an act unintentionally but
with an extreme lack of care
...
Criminal Law: The body of rules and regulations that define and
specify the nature of and punishments for offenses of a public nature
or for wrongs committed against the state or society, also called penal
law
...
Crime flux: A concept that defines the crime rate as a product of
the prevalence of victims in the population, and the frequency with
which they are victimized
...
Crime: According to Tappan (1978) define crime as an intentional
act or omission in violation of the criminal law which is done without
defense or justification and sanction by the state as a felony or
misdemeanor
...
Criminaloid: A term used by Cesare Lombroso to describe
occasional criminals who were pulled into criminality primarily by
environmental influences
...
Common law: Law originating from usage and custom rather than
from written statutes
...

131
...

132
...
As such they must be read in terms of the
meanings they carry
...

133
...
If

you

are

culpable of a crime, you are the culprit or the one who did it
...
Counterfeiting: Made in exact imitation of something valuable
with the intention to deceive or defraud
...
Consecutive sentence: Sentences served in sequence with others,
one after the other
...
Conformity: Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs,
and behaviors to group norms
...

137
...
It is most often practiced on minors, especially in home and
school settings
...
It
has also historically been used on adults, particularly on prisoners
and enslaved people
...
Corporate crime: Violation of criminal statute either by a corporate
entity or by its executives, employees, or agents acting on behalf of
and for the benefit of the corporation, partnership, or other form
business entity
...
Corpus delici: Facts that show that a crime has occurred
...

140
...

141
...

142
...


41

143
...

144
...

145
...

According to this theoretical framework, justice is more a product of
conflicts among agencies within the system than it is a result of
cooperation among component agencies
...
Crime scene: A crime scene is the location where an offense was
committed
...
Crime rate: A measure of change in recorded crime over a given
period of time
...
It
enabled compares of variations across offence rate
...
Crime prevention: Is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and
criminals? It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to
reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal
...
Criminal justice system: Aggregate of all operating and
administrative or technical support agencies that perform criminal
justice functions
...

150
...

151
...
They cut across national a boundary,
which has implication for law enforcement and punishment
...
Cyber stalking: The use of the internet, e-mail, and other electronic
communication technologies to stalk another person
...

153
...
The
cycloid personality, which was associated with a heavy-set, soft type
of body, was said to vacilitate between normality and abnormality
...

…John Kris
154
...
Measured by recidivism and that person will commit crime
within the next 5 years
...
Dark figure’ of crime: This term refers to the gap between the
volume of crime that is actually committed in society and that which
enters into official crime statistics
...

156
...

157
...

44

158
...
It is often
done for personal gain or advantage
...

159
...

160
...

161
...

162
...

163
...
”

45

164
...

165
...

A disclaimer can also be a notice to limit responsibility
...
Discretionary trust: A trust in which the trustees can decide who
will benefit from the trust and how much they will get
...
Discipline: A term use by Micheal Foucault a method by which
some can efficiently control others, and which he claims is at the
heart of modern public institutions such as prison, school and
hospital
...

168
...


46

169
...
'Cameras are a major deterrent to
crime
...
Deviants: Deviant an action or behavior that violates social norms,
including a formally enacted rule, as well as informal violations of
social norms
...
Double Jeopardy: The

prosecution

of

a

defendant

for

a

criminal offense for which he has already been tried prohibited
in the fifth amendment to the United States Constitutions
...
Doliincapax: This term applies to those who have committed crime
but, because of their age, cannot held responsible for it because they
are considered insufficiently mature to be able to discern right from
wrong
...
Formerly children
aged 10–13 were also in this position, but this presumption were
ended by the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act
...
Demeanor: The way that somebody looks or behaves
maintained a professional demeanor throughout
...
Deception: A deception is an act or statement which misleads,
hides the truth, or promotes a belief, concept, or idea that is not true
...
Discretion: Is

defined as the right of someone to make

choices or the quality of someone who is careful about what
they do or say
...
Deter: To prevent someone from doing something or to make
someone less enthusiastic about doing something by making it
difficult for that person to do it or by threatening bad results if they
do it
...
Detective: A detective is an investigator, usually a member of a law
enforcement agency
...

178
...

179
...
Duress: Unlawful pressure exerted upon a person to coerce that
person to perform an act they ordinarily would not perform
...

…
...
Economic crime: This term refers to a range of activities that
include bribery, corruption, cybercrime, money laundering and
various forms of fraud that are associated with white-collar crime,
middle-class crime and organized crime and which particularly
impose a burden on business enterprise
...
Environmental crimes: Violations of the criminal law which,
although typically committed by businesses or by business officials,
may also be committed by other persons or organizational entities,
and which damage some protected or otherwise significant aspect of
the natural environment
183
...
By enforcing
laws and regulations, governments attempt to effectuate successful
implementation of policies
...
Estoppels: A rule of evidence whereby a person is barred
from denying the truth of a fact that has already been settled
...
Elements of a crime: A prohibited act, criminal intent, concurrence
of the act and causation
...
Eludes: To manage to avoid or escape from somebody or
something, especially in a clever way: the two men managed to
elude the police for six weeks
...
Emergency: An emergency is a situation that poses an immediate
risk to health, life, property, or environment
...

188
...
It is the testimony
and production of documents and things relating to the facts into
which the courts enquires and the methods and rules relating to the
establishing of those facts before the courts
...
Evidence based policing: Crime fighting strategies that have been
scientifically tested and based on social science research
...
Exile: An exile is someone who has been excommunicated from a
particular community as a result of a social infraction of norms and
other societal rules and regulations
...
Exclusionary Rule: The rule that illegally seized evidence must be
excluded from trials in federal courts
...
Extra-judicial punishment: Is a punishment for an alleged crime or
offence carried out without legal process or supervision from a court
or tribunal through a legal proceeding?
193
...

194
...
An escape route
...
Enactment: The enactment of a law is the process in a parliament
or other law-making body which the law is agreed upon and made
official
...
Entrapment: Law enforcement officer induces a law-abiding citizen
to commit a crime
...


52

197
...
Expert witness: An expert in a particular field who is called to give
an opinion in a court case
...
Experiment: An approach to social research which involves
emulating the approach of the natural scientist by collecting data
from an ‘experimental’ and a ‘comparison’ group to test a hypothesis
...
Espionage: Espionage is the act of organized spying, usually with
the goal of uncovering sensitive military or political information
...
Eyewitness: A person who actually sees some act, occurrence, or
thing and can give firsthand information to investigations officers
...
It is criminology
that is a disease”
...
G
...
False Pretense: One who obtains money or other property by lying
about past or existing facts and the victim parts with the property
voluntarily
...
Fact: A fact is a thing that is known to be consistent with objective
reality and can be proven to be true with evidence
...
Fear of crime: General term that suffers from lack of clarity in its
definition
...
At the start of the
twenty-first century the focus for the police has broadened to
encompass a reassurance agenda as politicians struggle with falling
recorded crime levels and rising levels of public anxiety
...
Fraud: Deliberate

deception to secure unfair

gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right
...
First Appearance: Within hours of arrest suspects must be brought
before a magistrate for an initial appearance
...

207
...
It is also connected
with the concept of advice, persuasion, deliberation, and prohibition
...
First offender: A person who is convicted of a criminal
offence for the first time
...
First-degree murder: Deliberate and premeditated killing done
with malice aforethought
210
...

211
...
This simply means an individual who
knowingly buys stolen goods in order to resell them for profit
...

212
...
This is usually non-bailable offences and attracts punitive
and corporal sanctions by the state
...
Forensic: Forensic science is the application of science to criminal
and civil laws, mainly on the criminal side during criminal
investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible
evidence and criminal procedure
...
Forensic pathology: This is focused on determining the cause of
death by examining a corpse
...

215
...

216
...
Fraudulent preference: Someone who is insolvent paying one of
their creditors while knowing there is not enough money to pay the
others
...
Favoritism: Unfair support shown to one person or group,
especially by someone in authority: A parent must be careful not
to show favoritism towards any one of their children
...
Fines: A fine or mulct is money that a court of law or other
authority decides has to be paid as punishment for a crime or other
offence
...

220
...
If the crime is rape, robbery, arson or burglary, it is classified
as first-degree murder
...
Firearm: Is a portable gun that inflicts damage on targets by
launching one or more projectiles driven by rapidly expanding
high-pressure

gas

produced

chemically

by

exothermic

combustion of propellant within an ammunition cartridge
...
Frisking: Conducting a search for weapons by patting the outside
of a suspect's clothing, feeling for hard objects that might be
weapons
...
And that is why the best thieves don’t get caught”
...
Gang rape: This is a situation whereby more than one person
(male) forcibly gains a carnal knowledge of a girl
...
Grand jury: A group of jurors who have been selected according to
law and have been sworn to hear the evidence and to determine
whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the accused person to
trial to investigate criminal justice generally or to investigate the
conduct of a public agency or official
...
Guilt: Is a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs
when a person believes or realizes – accurately or not—that they
have compromised their own standards
violated

a

universal

moral

standard

of conduct or have
and

bear

significant

responsibility for that violation
...

226
...

59

227
...
This is more serious than actual bodily harm
...

Abhijit Naskar…
228
...

229
...
These laws sometimes come under the rubric
of “three strikes and you’re out
...
Hearsay: This is an out-of-court statement offered to proved
the truth of matter asserted
...
Hearsay evidence: Evidence given in court of something said to the
witness by another person to assert the truth of an evidence, it could
be given orally or written
...
High-risk offenders: Offenders who have committed serious
offence and who are under federal and provincial responsibility
which there is a reason to believe they could commit another offence
...
Hijack: To seize possession or control of (a vehicle) from
another person by force or threat of force specifically: To seize

61

possession or control of (an aircraft) especially by forcing the
pilot to divert the aircraft to another destination
...
Harm: The external consequence required to make an action a
crime
...
Hate Crimes: Any crime committed against a person or a person's
property motivated because of the person's race, religion, nationality
or ethnicity
...

236
...
Unlike civil rights
(that are specific to individual countries), human rights are universal
in application
...


62

CHAPTER NINE
” The way to a crime-free world is simple, but it lies outside of all the legal
‘n partisan muck
...

…Abhijit Naskar
237
...
Ore formally, the division of the psyche
associated with instinctual impulses and demands for immediate
satisfaction of primitive needs
...
Incapacitation:
incapacitation

is

Within
the

the

response

criminal
used

when

justice
a

system,

person

has

committed a crime
...

239
...

Examples of inchoate crimes are accessory after the fact, attempt,
conspiracy, and solicitation
...
Informant: An informant is a person who provides privileged
information about a person or organization to an agency
...
Intrusion: An occasion where someone goes into a place or
situation where they are not wanted or expected to be
...
Instigate: to canes an event or situation to happen by making
a set of action or a formal process begin
...
Incarceration: Confinement in a jail or prison
...

244
...
For
instance, the numbers of violent criminal act per 100 peoples
...
Inchoate: This means the process of beginning to form
...

246
...


64

247
...

248
...

249
...
Indiscipline: A situation in which people do not control their
behavior or obey rules: The school was given three months to
solve the problem of indiscipline
...
Inducement: The act of persuading someone to do something
is called inducement
...

252
...


65

253
...

254
...
This typically includes sexual activity between people
in consanguinity (blood relations),and sometimes those related by
close affinity
...
Intelligence: Intelligence has been defined in many ways,
including: the capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness,
learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, and
problem solving
...

256
...

257
...
When you left the gate open and the dog
escaped, you were guilty by implication
...

258
...

259
...

260
...

261
...

Police do interrogations of suspects all the time
...
Police stations
usually have interrogation rooms for questioning suspects in order to
elicit information in criminal proceedings
...
Insurgency: This is a rebellion against authority when those
taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents
...
Impunity: Free from punishment or discipline
...


68

his

identity

impossible

to

CHAPTER TEN

‘When everybody is talking about Crime, who then is the Criminal?’
…
...
Jurisdiction: This is the practical authentic granted to a legal
body to administer justice within a defied field of responsibility,
e
...
The high court to justice
...
Jurat: The written certification by a judicial officer that a
deponent of affiant recognizes and endorses all parts of an
affidavit he or she proposes to sign, and confirms that an oath
has been administered in this regard to the affiant
...
Juries: A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render
an impartial verdict a finding of fact on a penalty of judgment
...
Justice: Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which
fairness is administered
...

268
...

269
...
In particular it seeks to ensure that punishments reflect the
seriousness of the crime that has been committed
...
Justification: The action of showing something to be right or
reasonable
...
Justifying bail: Proving to the court that the person giving the
surety has the assets to pay the bail
272
...


70

CHAPTER ELEVEN
“Don’t compromise yourself-you’re all you have”
...
Kerb crawling: The offence committed in a street or public place by
a man in a motor vehicle (or near a vehicle he has just got out of) who
approaches a woman for sexual services in return for money
...
Kleptomaniacs: A recurrent urge to steal, typically without regard
for need or profit
...
Knock for knock: An agreement between insurance companies
that they will pay for their own policyholders' losses regardless of
who was to blame
...
Knowing: Undertaking with awareness
...


71

CHAPTER TWELVE
“All men make mistakes, but a good man yields when he knows his course
is wrong, and repairs the evil
...

…Sophocoles
277
...

278
...
Lethal force is delivered by armed police officers whose decision
to shoot a suspect is based on the belief that this is the only way
guaranteed to protect themselves and other members of the general
public
...
Legal cause: A legally recognizable cause
...

280
...
(1) Before
72

an

item of

legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, and may be
broadly referred to as ‘’ legislation’’, while it remains under
consideration to distinguish it from other business
...
It
may be contrasted with a non-legislative act which is adopted
by an executive or administrative body under the authority of a
legislative act or for implementing a legislative act
...
Libel: A published false statement that is damaging to a
person’s reputation, a written defamation
...
Lewd: Lewd has to do with sexual behavior or remarks that
are highly inappropriate or obscene, often because of what’s
done or said is in public or to someone who does not want
that kind of attention
...
What’s
more, committing a lewd act or making settled
...

283
...

284
...


74

CHAPTER THIRTEEN
‘Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime’
...
Aristotle
285
...
It has also been used in reference to individuals and
groups who deal specifically in illegal protection
...
Mandatory sentence: This imposes an obligation on sentences
(magistrates or judges) to hand out a stipulated sentence – murder,
for example, carries a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment
...

287
...

288
...
g
...

75

289
...
It is a crime because the law defines them as
such e
...
prostitution, Gambling etc
...
Malicious falsehood: A written or spoken lie told to harm
somebody and which does do harm
...
Malicious

prosecution:

A

prosecution

which

is

brought

unreasonably
...
Manslaughter: Killing someone illegally but by accident
...
Matricide: The killing of a mother by her son or daughter
294
...
Mens rea is almost always a necessary component
in order to prove that a criminal act has been committed
...

295
...


76

296
...
" With this, a law enforcement officer cannot legally even
stop a suspect
...
Minor: Someone who has not yet reached the age when they get
full legal rights and responsibilities In the UK this is a person under
18 years old
...
Miranda’s Rights: The requirement set by the U
...
Supreme Court
in Miranda v
...
Further, if the accused person confesses to the
authorities, the prosecution must prove to the judge that the
defendant was informed of them and knowingly waived those rights,
before the confession can be introduced in the defendant's criminal
trial
...
"
299
...


77

300
...


Misconduct can be considered an unacceptable or improper
...
Misdirection: A judge instructing a jury wrongly
...
Misdemeanor: An offense usually punishment by incarceration in
local confinement facility, for a period of which the upper limit is
prescribed by statute in a given jurisdiction, typically limited to less
than a year
...
Misdemeanors are generally regarded as less harmful than
felonies
...
Mistrial: A trial that has been made invalid
...
Moral entrepreneur: A powerful person or group seeking to
impose a moral agenda by creating a new category of crime and
crime control
...
Mugging: The act of attacking and robbing someone in a public
place
...


78

306
...

307
...

308
...

309
...

310
...
The aim
of this is to secure widespread public approval for the introduction of
sanctions directed against the targeted group
...
Motive: A person's reason for committing a crime
...
This is
his punishment’
...
Narcotics: State and local offenses relating to the unlawful
possession, sale, use, growing, and manufacturing or narcotic drugs,
Non-aggravated Assault: see Simple Assault
...
Neighborhood watch: Voluntarily organizations that are devoted
to preventing crime and order in local neighborhoods
...
Grew
rapidly in numbers during the 1980s as part of the conservative
government’s emphasis on active citizenship
...
Nepotism: The practice of giving unfair preferential treatment to
one person or group at the expense of another
...
Nolo Contendere: An answer of ‘no contest’ by a defendant who
does not admit guilt, but that subjects him to conviction
...
Notorious: Well known for being bad, a notorious criminal

80

317
...

318
...

319
...

320
...
When criminal court cases start the defendants are
asked for their pleas
...

321
...
It is
usually sent by the landlord to the tenant although the tenant can
also send one to the landlord
...
Nurturant strategy: A crime control strategy which attempts “to
forestall development of criminality by improving early life
experiences and channeling child and adolescent development” into
desirable directions
...
The boundary between
them is not clearly defined’
...
Obstruction of Justice: Any interference with the orderly
administration of law and justice
...
Onslaught: Onslaught is a military term that refers to an attack
against an enemy
...

325
...

326
...

327
...
The

82

nature and extent of ‘management’ is determined by the level of risk
and harm the offender is judged to pose to the public
...
Offender profiling: To support that such an individual in
committing target offences which are having a significant impact
upon law and order, or their offending or behavior is having an
adverse and significant on local community
...
Officers: An officer is a person who has a position of authority in a
hierarchical organization
...
Offence: An offence is a crime that breaks a particular law and
requires a particular punishment
...

331
...

332
...
Onslaught: This is a military term that refers to an attack against
an enemy
...

334
...

335
...

336
...


84

CHAPTER SIXTEEN
‘To have once been a criminal is no disgrace
...

…Malcolm X
337
...

338
...
It covers the wide range of processes that are
concerned

with

the

prevention

of

crime,

the

punishment,

management and treatment of offenders and the measures concerned
with reintegrating them into their communities
...
Petition: A formal written request to a court for an order of the
court
...
Petitions
include demands for writs, orders to show cause, modifications of
prior orders, continuances, dismissal of a case, reduction of bail in
criminal cases, a decree of distribution of an estate, appointment of a
guardian, and a host of other matters arising in legal actions
...
Per pro: On behalf of
...
)
85

341
...

342
...
(This term is Latin
...
Per se: In itself or by itself
...
)
344
...

345
...

346
...

347
...

348
...


86

349
...
It's hard to say what the legal community would do without
the word precedent, since so many legal judgments and decisions are
based on what came before
...
Prevention: Prevention

is

the attempt to reduce and deter

curie and criminals, It is applied specifically to efforts, made
by governments

to reduce crime and

enforce

the law and

maintain criminal justice
...
Prosecutor: A person who has been given authority to manage
another person's affairs, such as under a power of attorney
...
Prohibition: Prohibition is the act or practice of forbidding
something by law; more particularly the term refers to the banning of
the manufacture, storage, transportation, sale, possession, and
consumption of alcoholic beverages
...

353
...


87

354
...
Pilferage is a problem commonly involving employees who
steal items from their place of employment, especially in a
manufacturing plant
...

355
...

356
...

357
...
One of those arrested
could face the death penalty
...

358
...


88

The release of an offender from detention, subject to a period
of good behavior under supervision
...
Prosecution: Legal proceedings in which a person accused of a
criminal offense is tried in a court by the government (state)
appointed public

prosecutor called district attorney (US) or

public prosecutor
...
Prosecutor: A government attorney who presents the people's case
in court against the accused (the defendant)
361
...

362
...
Positivist criminology also insists that theories related to why
crime occurs should derive from scientific analysis
...
Post-mortem: The examination of a dead body to establish the
cause of death
...
Plea bargaining: The plea bargaining is any agreement in a
criminal case between the prosecutor and defendant whereby the
defendant agrees to plead guilty or ‘nolo contender’ to a particular
charge in return for some concession from the prosecutor
...
Punishment: Is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant
outcome

upon a group or individual,

meted out by an

authority---in contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal
law—as a response and deterrent to a particular action or
behavior
...
Perpetrators: A

person

who

commits

a

crime

or

does

something that is wrong or evil: the perpetrators of the crime
...
Prevalence (of crime):The proportion of the population that has
committed at least one crime or delinquent behavior during the
period of study
...
Preliminary hearing: A proceeding before a judicial officer in
which three matters are decided: whether a crime was committed,

90

whether the crime occurred in the jurisdiction of the court, and
whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant
committed the crime
...
Probable cause: The amount of proof necessary for a reasonably
intelligent person to believe that a crime has been committed or that
items connected with criminal activity can be found in a particular
place
...

370
...
Identify the
conscious, subconscious contents of the human psyche as major
determinants of behavior
...
Psychoanalysis: The theory of human psychology founded by
Sigmund Freud on the concepts of the unconscious, resistance,
repression, sexuality, and the Oedipus complex
...
Psychopath: A person with a personality disorder, especially one
manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior, result of a poorly
developed superego
...
Psychosis: Mental illness in which sufferers are said to be out of
touch with reality
...
Psychological profiling: Attempt to categorize, understand, and
predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based on behavior
...
Phrenology: Phrenology is the study of the structure of the skull to
determine a person’s character and mental capacity
...
Gall was one of the first to consider the brain as the home of all
mental activities
376
...

377
...
Although
phenomenological methodologies are deliberately complex and
opaque, one could say that the ‘goal’ of phenomenology is to
challenge and question the foundational knowledge claims
...

…
...
Qualitative

measure:

Measures

that

provide

descriptive

information using words and symbols in a non numerical format that
explains how and why things occurred
...
Qualitative data: Textual, visual or audio data which are not
amenable to measurement provide an insight into special phenomena
(for instance, crime, sentence, victimization) and convey, for example,
subjective interpretations of meaning
...
Quantitative

data:

Numerical

data

which

measure

social

phenomena (for example, crime, sentencing, victimization), typically
through

some

form

of

counting

manipulation
...

381
...

382
...

383
...
Assaults or
attempts to commit rape or threat of force are included
...
Riot: A riot is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized
by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against
authority, property or people
...
Recidivism: This refers to the reconviction of those who have
previously been sentenced for committing a crime
...

386
...
Punishment is designed
to bring about the reform and rehabilitation of criminals so that they
do not subsequently indulge in criminal action
...
Responsibilization: This entails governments shifting the task of
crime control from the central state to the local level where it is
carried out by a range of actors including local government, private
and voluntary sector bodies and the general public
...

388
...
If the defendant was in charge of events and an accident
was caused on the face of it by negligence, then it may be presumed
that the defendant was negligent unless there is evidence to the
contrary
...
)

95

389
...
A charge could be made of obstructing a police officer in
the course of duty
...
Restitution: This is an order for the return of stolen goods to the
victim of the theft or for compensation to be paid to the victim; or a
writ, following a successful appeal, for the return of the items lost
after the original case
...
Reasonable Suspicion: A standard of proof that is more than a gut
feeling, it includes the ability to articulate reasons for the suspicion
...

392
...

393
...
See code of Hammurabi (King of
Babylon)

96

394
...

Punishment is justified on the basis that it enables society to ‘get its
own back’ on criminals, regardless of whether this has any impact on
their future behaviour
...
Rehabilitation: The action of restoring someone to health or
normal life through

training and therapy after imprisonment,

addiction, or illness
...
Reintegration: In
by

persons

Reintegration

refers to the process of reentry into society

that

have

includes

been

the

in

prison,

reinstatement

or
of

incarcerated
...

397
...


97

or

have

been

trained

to

398
...
A person
who is held on remand may be held as a prisoner in prison
...
Risk: This term refers to the role that criminal justice policy accords
to securing public safety
...
Attempts to
assess the future risks posed by offenders have given rise to actuarial
penal techniques
...
Ritualism: Connected with the ritual is performed

as part of a

ceremony, a ritualistic act of worship
...
Reasonable suspicion: This is a legal standard of proof in United
States law that is less than probable cause, the legal standard for
arrests

and

warrants,

but

more

than

an

"inchoate

and

unparticularized suspicion or 'hunch'"; it must be based on "specific
and articulable facts", "taken together with rational inferences
...
Rebellion: An attempt by some of the people in a country to
change their government, using violence uprising
...
Robbery: The wrongful taking and carrying away of the personal
property of another through violence or threats
...
Rule of law: The constitutional principles that asserts the
supremacy of the law as an instrument governing the actions of
individual citizens in their relationships with each other and also
controls the conduct of the state towards them
...

…Ursula K
...
Sabotage: This is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity,
effort or organization through subversion, obstruction, disruption or
destruction
...
Sanction: Sanctions, in law and legal definition, are penalties or
other means of enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience
with the law, or with rules and regulations
...

407
...

408
...
In the
criminal justice system these comprise judges and magistrates
...
Self-regulation: Self-regulation refers to the expectation that most
people are capable of complying with the law most of the time, not
because of the fear of punishment but because they have internalized
the values and norms of society and consider that it is in their own
interests, and the interests of those that matter to them, to comply
...
The ultimate aim of criminal justice policy, therefore, is to
produce self-regulating
...
Schizophrenic: A person who has a mental disease marked by a
breakdown in the relation between thoughts, feelings, and actions,
and often with delusions and retreat from society
...
Serial Keller: A person who murders three or more people,
usually in service of abnormal psychological gratification, with
the

murders

taking

place

over

more

than

a

month

including a significant period of time between them
...
Second-degree murder: Killing done with malice aforethought, but
without deliberation and premeditation
...
Self Defense: The use of the force that appears to be reasonably
necessary to the victim to prevent death, serious bodily harm, rape or
kidnapping
...

414
...

415
...
g
...

416
...
g
...

417
...

418
...

419
...
It suggests
that crime was an ever-present feature of a specific geographic area of
a city that Ernest Burgess in 1925 had termed ‘zone two’ or the ‘zone
of transition’
...

420
...


Theft,

food

not,

and

smuggling),which were criminalized by the ruling class, but were not
regarded as blameworthy, either by those committing them, or by the
communities from which they came
...

421
...

422
...

423
...
Leads to the
creation of both criminal and civil statutes
...
Social

development

theory:

Integrated

view

of

human

development that points to the process of interaction among and
between individuals and society as the root cause of criminal
behavior
...
Social disorganization: A condition exists when a group is faced
with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness,
disharmony, conflict and lack of consensus
...
Situational crime prevention: A social policy approach that looks
to develop greater understanding of crime and more effective crime
prevention

strategies

through

concern

with

the

physical,

organizational, and social environments that make crime possible
...
Simple Assault: Assaults and attempted assaults where no
weapon was used and which did not result in serious or aggravated
injury to the victim
...
Statement: In a general sense, statement is an allegation,
declaration of matters of fact required by law in various jurisdictions
as the foundation of judicial or official proceedings
...
Statement of claim: The claimant's written statement setting out
the claim in a civil case
...
Stalking: The name given to a form of harassment where a person
is made to feel alarmed or distressed by another person's actions
...
The harassment must
have happened on at least two occasions
...
Statutory law: Written or codified law, the law in the books as
enacted by a government body or agency having the power to make
laws
...
Slander: The action or crime

of making a false

spoken

statement Damaging to a person’s reputation
...
Shaming: Causing one to feel a painful emotion reuniting
from an awareness of having done something dishonorable,
unworthy, degrading, etc
...
Sue: To start legal proceedings in the civil court against someone
435
...
Subversion: Refers to a process by which the values and principles
of a system in place are contradicted or reversed, in an attempt to
transform the established social order and its structures of power,
authority, hierarchy, and social norms
...
Subpoena: A written order issued by a judicial officer requiring a
specified person to appear in a designated court at a specified time in

106

order to serve as a witness in a case under the jurisdiction of that
court, or to bring material to that court
...
A subpoena to serve as a witness is called a subpoena
testification
...

438
...

439
...

440
...
The sentence can generally involve a decree of
imprisonment, a fine, and/or other punishments against a defendant
convicted of a crime
...
Summary Proceedings: A trial by magistrates, where the
defendant has the right to choose which court should hear the case,
but has agreed to be tried in the magistrates' court
...
Surety: Someone who takes responsibility for someone else's debts
or promises, and guarantees that they will be paid or undertaken
(done)
...
If they do not appear in court the
money will be forfeited
...
Summary trial: The trial of an action by way of affidavit evidence
only or by use of truncated process
...
Suspect: this is a person who is believed to be guilty of a crime
...

445
...

Depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorders,
and substance abuse including alcoholism and the use of
benzodiazepines — are risk factors
...
Scene of crime: (Or scene of occurrence) is a place or a regional
location where a crime is said to have been committed
...
Superegos: The superego is the ethical component of the
personality and provides the moral standards by which the ego
operates
...
Suspended sentence: A sentence that is postponed until the
offender is convicted of another offence
...
Stipulates: A stipulation is a formal legal acknowledgement and
agreement made between opposing parties before a pending hearing
or trial
...
Statute: Is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority
that governs a city, state, or country
...

451
...
Strict liability offenses
do not require mens rea
...
Stare decisis: Legal principle that requires that in subsequent cases
on similar issues of law and fact courts be bound by their own earlier

109

decisions and by those of higher courts having jurisdiction over
them
...

453
...

454
...
Superego: The moral aspect of the personality; much like the
conscience
...

456
...


110

CHAPTER TWENTY
“We are always together, were one of a kind, three words describe us”
…Partners In crime
457
...
Not involving a breach of
contract
...

458
...

459
...

460
...

461
...

462
...
A threat is considered an act of coercion
...
Threatening behavior: Using threats, abuse or insults against
another person
...
Treason: The act of betraying one’s community especially by
attempting to kill or overthrow the sovereign or government
...
Trespassing: Entering someone’s property without his full consent,
For instance, going on land without the owner's permission
...
Trial: An examination of the evidence in a case and the law which
applies
...
Threat: A threat is a communicated intent to inflict harm or loss on
another person
...

468
...


112

469
...

470
...
A theory gains explanatory power from inherent logical
consistency, and is “tested” by how well it describes and predicts
reality
...
Treasonable: These are criminal activities which someone carries
out with the intention of helping their country’s enemies or removing
its government using violence
...

472
...

473
...
Early instances of cranial trephination have taken
as evidence for primitive beliefs in spirit possession
...
Tyrannical: Exercising power in a cruel, unfair and arbitrary way
without humane treatment
...

…Minon McLaughlin
475
...

476
...

477
...

478
...
When an
employee has been dismissed it is the employer's responsibility to
prove that the dismissal was fair
...

479
...

115

480
...

481
...

482
...


116

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
“Society prepares the crime, criminals commit it”
...
Vandalism:

Willful

or

malicious

destruction,

injury,

or

disfigurement of any public or private property, real or personal,
without consent of owner or persons having custody or control
...
Vagrancy: This is the condition of a person who wanders from
place to place homeless and without regular employment or income
...

485
...

486
...
This
often happens when an employee does something wrong while at
work which becomes the employer's responsibility (such as an
employee working negligently and causing someone else to behurt
because of the negligence)
...
Vice: This is a practice, behaviour, or habit generally considered
immoral, sinful, criminal, rude, taboo, depraved, or degrading in the
associated society
...
Vigilance: The quality or state of staying alert especially to possible
danger the guards maintained their vigilance in watching for
intruder
...
Victimless: This is an illegal act that typically done either
directly involves only the perpetrators
...
Victimology: This aspect of criminology concerns the study of
victims of crime
...

491
...
In jurisdiction where victim impact
statements are used, judges are expected to consider them in arriving
at an appropriate sentence for the offender
...

492
...

493
...

494
...
Requires serious provocation by the
victim, an act in the heat of the anger, and no opportunity to cool off
...
Violence: Intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or
actual, against oneself, or against a group or community that either
results in injury or psychological harm
...
Violent disorder: Three or more people in a gathering using or
threatening to use unlawful violence
...
Victims: A person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime,
accident, or other event or action that has occurred
...
Victim-proneness: The degree of an individual’s likelihood of
victimization
...
Vandalism: Action involving deliberate destruction of or damages
to public or private property, such as graffiti and defacement directed
towards any property without permission of the owner
...
Vigilante: A member of a self appointed group of citizens who
undertake law enforcement in their community without legal
authority, typically because the legal agencies are thought to be
inadequate
...
Victimless: This is an illegal act that typically involves only the
perpetrator or occurs between consenting adult
...


120

CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
“Society invites the crime, and criminals accept the invitation”
...
Virant Parsai
502
...

503
...

504
...

505
...
g
...

506
...
Attempts are included
...
Willful Homicide: The willful (non-negligent) killing of one
human being by another
...

508
...

509
...
It is usually known as warrant or any other
document that interpret a judicial order
...
L (1996)
...
K (1998); thesis and desertion, Adewunmi, J
...
Cambridge , Massachusetts
...

Ahire, P
...
(1991)
...
A
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Okagbueeds (1991)
...
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...
as cited by Lshima, C
...

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...
(1997)
...

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...
(2001)
...
F
...
Quarterly
journal of studies on Alcohol
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Blalock, M
...
(1979)
...
London:
McGraw- Hill Hogaky Sha Ltd
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...
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...
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Chine, I
...
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Dependence
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Dambazau, A
...
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...
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Order
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...
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...

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Lanshima, C
...
(2013)
...
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