Notesale: Turn your study into money

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---

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ymat
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Ref
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i
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-

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om t
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t
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ocess

mustbef
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-

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2)Cat
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CLASSI
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1
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Li
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onScheme
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-

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OUTLI
NEOFLI
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al
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V: Nat
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Gener
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)

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HumanAnat
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Cl
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mat
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at
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f
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mi
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me

andal
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p:
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i

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e
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ogy

TH:Bui
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l
di
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i
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sasubcl
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...
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ur
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angementi
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nt

...
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sameanst
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chi
nf
or
mat
i
oni
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st
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edandobt
ai
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r
om t
hel
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br
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...
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br
ar
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es
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cat
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ar
yr
et
r
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al
dev
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...


FORMSOFCATALOGUE

Ther
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or
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heCar
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,
t
heBookandt
he
Comput
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t
hemostgener
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or
msar
et
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d,
t
he
bookandt
hesheaf

...

Thi
st
y
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snothowev
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ht
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ger
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anl
i
br
ar
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epr
i
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nabookf
or
m
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t
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ychangi
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buti
tcanbe
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oduci
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t
i
ons
...


-

I
tpr
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i
descr
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ogui
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s
...


AUTHOR

Thi
si
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esponsi
bl
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nt
el
l
ect
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l
asar
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cpr
oduct
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ent
s
ofadocument

...


I
MPRI
NT

Thi
si
sdeal
i
ngwi
t
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hef
ol
l
owi
ng

-

Pl
aceofpubl
i
cat
i
on

-

Thenameofpubl
i
sher

-

Dat
eofpubl
i
cat
i
on

COLLATI
ON

Thi
shast
odowi
t
h

(
a)Pagi
nat
i
onornumberofv
ol
ume

(
b)I
nf
or
mat
i
onofpagi
nat
i
oni
l
l
ust
r
at
i
ondi
agr
am

(
c)Si
zeoft
hebook

SERI
ES

I
ft
hebooki
si
nser
i
esi
thast
obest
at
ede
...
Li
br
ar
ySci
enceSer
i
es

NOTES

Thi
sr
ef
er
st
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i
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i
pt
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tcomesaf
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ect
i
onandser
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es

I
SBN

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sst
andsf
orI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
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andar
dBookNumber

...

g
...


Ther
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et
hr
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y
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al
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;

Aut
hor
/
Ti
t
l
eCat
al
ogue

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assi
f
i
edCat
al
ogue

TheSubj
ectCat
al
ogue

AUTHOR/
TI
TLECATALOGUE

Thi
scat
al
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ci
sei
sappl
i
cabl
eont
hemat
er
i
al
swher
et
heaut
hor
�snameort
i
t
l
ei
s
known
...


CLASSI
FI
EDCATALOGUE

Thi
si
st
het
y
peofcat
al
oguewher
et
heent
r
i
esar
ear
r
angedusi
ngt
henot
at
i
onoft
hel
i
br
ar
y
mat
er
i
al
s
...
Thi
si
sequal
l
yar
r
anged
i
nanal
phabet
i
cal
or
der

...

Si
mi
l
ar
l
y
,
ar
ef
er
enceuni
tofev
er
yl
i
br
ar
yi
sr
egar
dedast
hebackboneoft
hatl
i
br
ar
y

...


Howev
er
,
i
nt
he9t
hcent
ur
y
,
onepr
obabl
ywoul
dhav
ebeensat
i
sf
i
edt
odef
i
neLi
br
ar
y
wor
kast
hepr
ocessofanswer
i
ngquest
i
ons
...
Hence,
t
her
emaybeasmanydef
i
ni
t
i
onsast
her
ear
eLi
ber
i
ans
...
Thi
si
nv
ol
v
esnotonl
yl
ocat
i
ngt
hemat
er
i
al
wher
et
he
r
equi
r
edi
nf
or
mat
i
oncanbef
oundbutal
sol
ocat
i
ngt
hei
nf
or
mat
i
onandsor
t
i
ngoutwhat
i
nf
or
mat
i
oni
sr
el
ev
antf
r
om amassofr
el
ev
antandi
r
r
el
ev
anti
nf
or
mat
i
on
...
I
nLi
br
ar
yser
v
i
ces,
f
ai
l
ur
est
ol
ocat
eanyr
equi
r
edi
nf
or
mat
i
onhav
et
hesameef
f
ect

...
Thus�assi
st
antt
or
eader
�i
sagr
eat
bi
gt
entofaphr
aset
hatembr
acesanenor
mousr
angeandv
ar
i
et
yofact
i
v
i
t
i
es
...


TYPESOFREFERENCESSOURCES

Ref
er
encesour
cescoul
dbedi
v
i
dedi
nt
ot
womai
ncl
asses� compi
l
at
i
onofki
ndoranot
her

whi
chf
ur
ni
shi
nf
or
mat
i
ondi
r
ect
l
yandcompi
l
at
i
onst
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ef
ert
oot
hersour
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ai
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ng
i
nf
or
mat
i
onwhi
chmer
el
yi
ndi
cat
epl
acesi
nwhi
chi
nf
or
mat
i
onmaybef
ound
...


REFERENCETOOL/
BOOKS

Ar
ef
er
encebooki
sani
nt
el
l
ect
ual
wor
kt
hati
st
obel
ookedupf
orspeci
f
i
ci
nf
or
mat
i
on;
t
hati
snotmeantt
ober
eadt
hr
oughandt
hathasanar
r
ayofdi
sj
oi
nt
edent
r
i
eswhi
char
e
al
phabet
i
cal
l
yar
r
anged
...
ENCYCLOPEDI
A

I
ti
nf
or
m ausert
heor
i
gi
nanddev
el
opmentofapar
t
i
cul
arsubj
ectort
opi
c
...
Ther
ear
et
wot
y
pesofency
cl
opedi
anamel
y
;

Subj
ectandGener
al
Ency
cl
opedi
a

Thesubj
ectency
cl
opedi
asar
eusual
l
ydet
ai
l
edandcompr
ehensi
v
ewhi
l
et
heGener
al
ency
cl
opedi
acar
r
i
esshal
l
owandbasi
car
t
i
cl
es
...
Thust
heyar
emeantf
orspeci
al
i
st
,
el
i
t
es,
st
udent
sandr
esear
cher
s
...
Fi
nal
l
y
,
t
hesubj
ectency
cl
opedi
ascostmor
et
hant
hegener
al
ency
cl
opedi
a
...
Ther
ear
et
wot
y
pesofbi
ogr
aphi
es
...


Speci
al
bi
ogr
aphi
ese
...
�whoi
schemi
st
r
y
�

2
...

g
...
DI
CTI
ONARYSOURCES:

Thesear
epubl
i
cat
i
onscont
ai
ni
ngwor
dsorl
anguagesdef
i
ni
ngorexpl
ai
ni
ngdi
f
f
er
entt
er
msof
v
ar
i
ouspr
of
essi
ons
...
I
not
herwor
ds,
t
heser
ef
er
encet
ool
car
r
yt
hemeani
ngs,
pr
onunci
at
i
on,
spel
l
i
ngset
c
...


USESOFDI
CTI
ONARY

(
1) A:
spanst
y
l
e="
f
ont
si
z
e:
16
...

0pt
;
"
pcl
ass="
MsoNor
mal
"
;
Theyexpr
essusageofwor
dsi
ndi
f
f
er
entcont
eL:
/
pspanst
y
l
e="
f
ont
si
ze:
16
...

g
...


(
3)

Theycont
ai
npr
onunci
at
i
onofwor
ds
...

g
...


(
6)

Theycheckspel
l
i
ngs,
sy
l
l
abl
eset
c
...
GEOGRAPHI
CALSOURCES

Thesear
et
her
ef
er
encemat
er
i
al
st
hatar
emai
nl
yusedbyt
het
r
av
el
er
s
...

t

...


Theki
ndsofgeogr
aphi
cal
sour
cesar
eat
l
as,
maps,
gl
obes,
t
r
av
el
gui
deanddi
r
ect
or
i
es
...


Thet
y
pesofdi
r
ect
or
i
esar
e;

a) t
el
ephone

b) addr
ess

c) par
ks

d) hot
el
di
r
ect
or
i
es

D
...


Ther
ear
edi
f
f
er
entt
y
pesofser
i
al
swhi
chi
ncl
udeper
i
odi
cal
s/
j
our
nal
s,
Newspaper
s,
Magazi
nes,
Repor
t
s(
Annual
s)
,
Memoi
r
s,
Pr
oceedi
ngs,
Tr
eat
i
es,
Tr
ansact
i
onsofsoci
et
i
eset
c
...


Per
i
odi
cal
s/
Jour
nal
s(
bot
hcanbei
nt
er
changeabl
yast
heymeanst
hesamet
hi
ngs
...
Thi
si
ssobecauseal
l
t
hel
at
estr
esear
chesmadebyt
heschol
ar
si
nt
he
ar
easoft
hei
rspeci
al
i
zat
i
onsar
ef
i
r
stofal
l
publ
i
shedi
nt
hej
our
nal
s
...
Thus,
per
i
odi
cal
coul
dber
egar
ded
asspear
headofcur
r
enthumanknowl
edge
...


ThePr
i
mar
ySour
ces/
t
y
pes

Thesear
et
hoseper
i
odi
cal
sexcl
usi
v
el
ydev
ot
edt
ocar
r
y
i
ngar
t
i
cl
esorr
epor
t
sonnew
di
scov
er
i
esordev
el
opment

...


TheSecondar
ySour
ce

Thear
et
hoseper
i
odi
cal
st
hatar
emeantf
ornewsgener
at
i
on,
r
ecr
eat
i
onandent
er
t
ai
nmentt
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al
sospeci
al
i
zei
ni
nt
er
pr
et
i
ngandpr
ov
i
di
ngopi
ni
onsonnewdev
el
opment
s
...


Thear
t
i
cl
escont
ai
ni
nt
heper
i
odi
cal
sar
et
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nmeansofcommuni
cat
i
onf
ort
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ofsci
ent
i
f
i
ccur
r
enti
nf
or
mat
i
ont
hanbooks
...
Thi
si
scont
r
ar
yt
obookswhi
cht
ake
t
wot
ot
hr
eey
ear
sbef
or
et
heyar
epubl
i
shed
...


Theyal
sohel
pr
esear
cher
st
oav
oi
ddupl
i
cat
i
onasnewdi
scov
er
i
esar
epr
ompt
l
yr
epor
t
ed
...


Abov
eal
l
,
t
heyar
emost
l
yi
ssuedbyt
hepr
of
essi
onal
bodi
es/
or
gani
zat
i
ons
...


Theser
i
al
suni
thasaKadex
,
wher
eeacht
i
t
l
eofaper
i
odi
cal
i
sent
er
edonacar
d
...

Tof
i
ndoutwhet
heral
i
br
ar
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t
i
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arper
i
odi
cal
a�st
r
i
pi
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st
hel
i
stofal
l
t
he
per
i
odi
cal
si
nst
ockcanbechecked
...


I
nmostcases,
per
i
odi
cal
sar
enotbor
r
owedoutoft
hel
i
br
ar
yl
i
kebooksunl
essi
n
except
i
onal
cases
...
Thi
si
sbecauseoft
hei
rf
r
agi
l
e
nat
ur
e
...


Youshoul
dnowbei
naposi
t
i
ont
owal
ki
nt
ot
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i
br
ar
yandbyusi
ngt
hecat
al
ogue,
f
i
ndabook
ofy
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cepr
ov
i
dedt
haty
oucanr
emembert
heaut
hor
,
t
i
t
l
eort
hesubj
ectoft
hebook
...


Onr
esumpt
i
on,
t
her
ef
or
e,
t
haty
oushoul
dbeabl
et
o�consul
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hor
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t
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e
r
esul
t
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t
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esentl
ect
ur
ei
sdesi
gnedt
opr
ov
i
deagui
det
ot
her
ul
esofci
t
i
ng
...

Anewspaperr
epor
t
ercanav
oi
ddi
scl
osi
nghi
ssour
cesofi
nf
or
mat
i
onbysay
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aguel
yt
hat
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oset
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nmenthousesai
d� ort
hat�usual
l
yr
el
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abl
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scl
osed�� Theschol
arcannotbeobscur
eaboutt
hesesour
ces;
ot
her
wi
sehewoul
dnotbe
t
akenser
i
ousl
y

...


BI
BLI
OGRAPHI
CALCI
TATI
ONORDESCRI
PTI
ON

Thi
si
st
hepr
ocessofi
dent
i
f
y
i
ngapubl
i
shedwor
kofl
i
t
er
ar
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ofaut
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r
i
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ot
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k(
e
...
edi
t
i
on,
t
r
ansl
at
orori
l
l
ust
r
at
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)

...

i
nt
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i
odi
cal
(
t
i
t
l
e2v
ol
umeandi
ssuednumber
,
dat
e)andpagesar
enecessar
yf
orbe
def
i
nedasput
t
i
nganamet
oasour
ce
...


d) Topr
ov
i
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oundr
eadi
ng

e) Tocor
r
ectonesownwor
k

f
) Tocr
i
t
i
ci
zepr
ev
i
ouswor
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g) Tosubst
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i
at
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ai
ms

h) Toal
er
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esear
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of
or
t
hcomi
ngwor
k

i
) Todi
scl
ai
m wor
kori
deasofot
her
s

j
) Todi
sput
epr
i
or
i
t
ycl
ai
msofot
her
s
...

�I
ti
sal
mostt
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communi
cat
i
ngt
hought
sandf
eel
i
ngsav
ai
l
abl
et
oman
...
Ev
enso,
i
ni
t
sspokenandwr
i
t
t
enf
or
ms,
l
anguage
r
emai
nsbyf
art
hecommonestmeansofcommuni
cat
i
on
...
Theessenceofl
anguagei
st
oconv
eymessages
...
I
tst
i
l
l
pl
ay
st
hesamer
ol
et
oday

...
Wi
t
hout
t
heemer
genceanduseofl
anguage,
t
her
ecanbenocommuni
cat
i
onatal
l
,
whet
herwr
i
t
t
enor
or
al

...
Forbusi
nesspur
poseofev
er
yki
ndorf
ori
ndi
v
i
dual
pur
pose,
ef
f
i
ci
encyi
sl
i
abl
et
ot
ur
nf
r
om t
i
met
ot
i
meoncommuni
cat
i
oncannotbeel
i
mi
nat
ed
...


THECONCEPTOFCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

Accor
di
ngt
oLongmanDi
ct
i
onar
yofCont
empor
ar
yEngl
i
sh,
communi
cat
i
onmeanst
heactof
shar
i
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ngopi
ni
ons,
news,
i
nf
or
mat
i
onet
c
...
Undal
l
andUndal
l
(
1979:
5)def
i
nedcommuni
cat
i
onast
hepr
ocessbywhi
chone
per
son(
oragr
oup)shar
esandi
mpar
t
si
nf
or
mat
i
ont
oanot
herper
son(
orgr
oup)sot
hatbot
h
peopl
e(
andgr
oup)cl
ear
l
yunder
st
andoneanot
her

...
I
ti
nv
ol
v
esat
r
ansf
erof
opi
ni
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at
t
i
t
udes,
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i
ef
s,
i
deas,
t
houghtandf
eel
i
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r
om oneper
sonorgr
oupt
oanot
her

...
Nosoci
et
yori
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v
i
dual
orf
i
r
m canexi
stmeani
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ul
l
y
wi
t
houtpr
of
i
ci
ent
l
yf
ul
f
i
l
l
i
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cat
i
onr
ol
esr
el
ev
antt
oi
t

...
Whent
her
ei
sunder
st
andi
ng,
t
her
ei
shar
mony
,
onenessandpeace
...
I
fcommuni
cat
i
on
i
sapr
ocessoft
r
ansf
er
r
i
ngi
nf
or
mat
i
on,
i
deas,
t
houghtandf
eel
i
ngsi
tt
henf
ol
l
owst
hat
communi
cat
i
oni
sacont
i
nuousact
i
on
...
For
t
hepr
ocesst
obeef
f
ect
i
v
e,
t
her
ear
ebasi
cel
ement
st
hatshoul
dbepr
esent

...


Communi
cat
i
oncanonl
ybesai
dt
ohav
et
akenpl
acewhent
hemessagesentbyat
r
ansmi
t
t
er
i
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yr
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v
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r
ect
l
yi
nt
er
pr
et
edbyt
her
ecei
v
erwhoal
sosendsaf
eedbackt
ot
he
t
r
ansmi
t
t
er

...
I
tcl
ear
l
ymani
f
est
s
mi
sunder
st
andi
ngofamessage
...


Theel
ement
sofcommuni
cat
i
onpr
ocessandt
hei
rmeani
ngar
e

pr
esent
edbel
ow;

TheSender
:
-t
hi
si
st
hei
ni
t
i
at
oroft
hecommuni
cat
i
onal
socal
l
edt
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,
t
het
r
ansmi
t
t
er
ort
hesour
ce
...
Het
hensendst
hemessageusi
ngappr
opr
i
at
el
anguage
...


TheMessage:
Themessagecompr
i
sest
het
hought
s,
i
deas,
at
t
i
t
udes,
opi
ni
on,
f
eel
i
ngswhi
cha
sendersendst
ohi
sr
ecei
v
er

...


TheMedi
um:
Thi
sr
ef
er
st
ot
hef
or
mi
nwhi
cht
hemessaget
r
ansmi
t
t
edi
ssent

...


TheFeedback:
whent
hemessagesentbyt
hesenderhasbeendecodedandunder
st
ood,
t
he
r
ecei
v
erwi
l
l
sendar
esponsecal
l
edf
eedbackt
ot
hesender

...


TheChannel
:
Somepeopl
eusechannel
andmedi
um t
omeant
hesamet
hi
ng
...
Whi
l
e
medi
um r
ef
er
st
ot
hef
or
m,
whi
chasenderusesi
nsendi
ngamessage,
channel
r
ef
er
st
oany

cour
seorwayal
ongwhi
chi
nf
or
mat
i
ont
r
av
el
s
...


THEI
MPORTANTOFCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

Thei
mpor
t
anceofcommuni
cat
i
onbot
ht
oi
ndi
v
i
dual
andor
gani
zat
i
onar
eobv
i
ous
...
I
nsomepr
of
essi
onasi
n
r
el
i
gi
on,
l
aw,
pol
i
t
i
cs,
communi
cat
i
oni
st
heessenceoft
hei
ract
i
v
i
t
y

...
Thr
oughor
gani
zedandsy
st
emat
i
cdi
ssemi
nat
i
onofi
nf
or
mat
i
ont
hese
pur
posesar
eachi
ev
ed
...


Ef
f
ect
i
v
ecommuni
cat
i
onbr
i
ngshar
monyandunder
st
andi
ng

bet
weenhumanbei
ngsandsoci
et
i
esbecausei
ndi
v
i
dual
sandcommuni
t
i
esunder
st
andeach
ot
herbet
t
erandexpr
essmut
ual
t
r
ustoneachot
her

...


FORMSOFCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

Gener
al
l
y
,
communi
cat
i
onf
al
l
si
nt
ot
wobasi
ccat
egor
i
es,
namel
y
,
v
er
bal
andnonv
er
bal

...
I
ti
susedi
ni
nt
r
aper
sonal
,
i
nt
er
per
sonal
andgr
oupsi
t
uat
i
on
...
Thet
houghtpr
ocess
t
hatgooni
nhumanmi
ndsdur
i
ngt
heconsi
der
at
i
onandwei
ghi
ngofsi
t
uat
i
onsi
nt
hemi
ndand
maybecomev
er
bal
i
zedwi
t
hnodef
i
ni
t
er
ecei
v
eri
nmi
nd
...


I
nt
er
per
sonal
Communi
cat
i
on:
Thi
si
st
het
y
pewher
ef
acet
of
acecont
acti
si
nv
ol
v
edexchange
ofi
deas,
t
hought
s,
f
eel
i
ngsandi
nf
or
mat
i
onbet
weent
woper
sonsonper
sonal
cont
actbasi
s
...
I
thel
pst
obr
eakst
hebar
r
i
erof
f
or
mal
r
el
at
i
onshi
panddr
awscommuni
cat
i
ont
oget
heri
nanat
mospher
eofwar
mt
hand
har
mony

...
Gr
oupmayv
ar
yi
n
si
ze,
i
nt
entandcomposi
t
i
on
...
Thus,
t
heyconcer
n
t
hemsel
v
eswi
t
ht
hei
rgr
oupaf
f
ai
r
s
...

Ther
ei
snodel
ayi
nr
espondi
ng,
asbot
hper
sonsar
epr
esentont
hespot

...


Rei
nf
or
cement
:
Theuseofgest
ur
es,
f
aci
al
expr
essi
onandot
herbodyl
anguagewi
l
l
hel
pt
o
r
ei
nf
or
ceamessagebecauseaspeaker
�sf
eel
i
ngmaybebet
t
erexpr
essedi
nt
heset
er
ms
...
Thi
s
r
educesmi
sunder
st
andi
ngandmi
si
nt
er
pr
et
at
i
onasal
l
mi
sconcept
i
onsar
eset
t
l
edont
hespot

...

� Thi
sr
educesmi
st
r
ustandt
ensi
oni
nof
f
i
ces,
homesand
or
gani
zat
i
ons
...


DI
SADVANTAGE

Tempor
ar
y
:
Ver
bal
communi
cat
i
onhasnopur
suancesi
ncei
ti
snotr
ecor
dedi
nanyf
or
m
...
I
nf
act
,
or
al
i
nf
or
mat
i
oncanbef
or
got
t
enordeni
ed
any
wher
e,
any
t
i
me
...
Si
mi
l
ar
l
y
,
hi
ghl
ypl
acedper
sonmaynotbeeasi
l
yr
eachedi
nt
hi
sf
or
m
...


NonVer
bal
Communi
cat
i
on:
Nonv
er
bal
communi
cat
i
oni
ncl
udesal
l
ot
herf
or
msof
communi
cat
i
onot
hert
hant
hev
er
bal
f
or
ms
...


Wr
i
t
t
enCommuni
cat
i
on:
Thi
si
nv
ol
v
est
heuseofwr
i
t
t
enwor
dsasanout
gr
owt
hofor
al
l
anguage
...
Lear
ni
ngt
owr
i
t
ei
sapr
ocesst
hatbegi
nsf
r
om chi
l
dhoodt
oadul
t
hood
...
Exampl
esof
wr
i
t
t
encommuni
cat
i
onar
el
et
t
er
s,
r
epor
t
s,
memos,
books,
bul
l
et
i
ns,
ci
r
cul
ar
s,
mi
nut
es,
ar
t
i
cl
es
et
c
...
Mat
er
i
al
swr
i
t
t
enbypeopl
eand

or
gani
zat
i
oncanbepr
eser
v
edf
orav
er
yl
ongt
i
mewi
t
houtl
osi
ngt
hemessage
...
Mor
et
i
mei
sspentcomposi
ngt
hem t
husensur
i
ngaccur
acy

...
I
tcanber
eadagai
nandagai
nbyt
he
r
ecei
v
ert
ocl
ar
i
f
ydoubt
s
...
Wr
i
t
t
enCommuni
cat
i
oncanbedupl
i
cat
edi
nt
osev
er
al
ot
hercopi
est
hatcanbe
ci
r
cul
at
edt
odi
st
antpl
acest
ogetawi
derr
eader
shi
p
...
I
nof
f
i
ci
al
mat
t
er
s,
onl
ywr
i
t
t
encommuni
cat
i
oncar
r
i
eswei
ghtofaut
hor
i
t
yaccept
abl
ei
nsuchsi
t
uat
i
ons
...


DI
SADVANTAGEOFWRI
TTENCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

-I
ti
st
aski
ngpr
oduci
ngawr
i
t
t
enmat
er
i
al

...


-Ont
hepar
tofcommuni
cat
i
on,
t
hewr
i
t
ermustbel
i
t
er
at
eenought
owr
i
t
eandt
her
ecei
v
er
mustbeabl
et
or
eadandi
nt
er
pr
etbef
or
ecommuni
cat
i
oncant
akepl
ace
...


-Wr
i
t
t
enmat
er
i
al
maybet
oobul
kyorcompl
exf
ort
her
eaderwhomayont
hi
sgr
oundnotbe
wi
l
l
i
ngt
or
eade
...
r
epor
t
s

et
c
...


SI
GNLANGUAGE

Thi
si
nv
ol
v
est
heuseofgest
ur
e,
par
al
anguageanddi
st
ancet
oconv
eyi
deas,
t
houghtand
f
eel
i
ngsaswedi
scusst
hem bel
ow;

Gest
ur
e:
Thi
sr
epr
esent
st
hewayormannerwemov
esomepar
t
soft
hebodyorev
ent
hewhol
e
ofi
t

...
Somet
i
mes,
suchgest
ur
esar
eunder
st
oodwi
t
houtanywor
dsgoi
ngwi
t
ht
hem
...

Supposi
ngonemot
i
ont
oanot
herwi
t
hbar
ehandt
ocome,
t
heper
sonsomot
i
onedcan
under
st
andev
enwhennowor
dsaccompanyt
hegest
ur
e
...


Par
al
anguage:
I
nf
or
mat
i
on,
at
t
i
t
udeandf
eel
i
ngscanbeconv
eybyt
hemannerat
hi
ngi
ssai
d
r
at
hert
hanwhati
ssai
d
...

Si
mi
l
ar
l
y
,
t
hi
ngsl
i
kev
ol
umeort
oneofv
oi
cemaysayal
otaboutt
hespeaker
�sf
eel
i
ngs,
at
t
i
t
udeorhi
sst
at
us
...


Di
st
ance:
Thi
si
st
hegapmai
nt
ai
nedbet
weenpeopl
e
...
I
tmaybet
hatt
heper
sondi
st
ancei
sunwant
edort
hatt
hesour
cewant
st
o
r
emov
ehi
msel
ff
r
om apar
t
i
cul
arsi
t
uat
i
on
...

Theyar
eusedorr
ef
er
r
edt
oi
nt
hel
i
br
ar
y

...

quot
;
"
i
l
i
t
yof
communi
cat
i
on
...


ADVANTAGESOFNONVERBALCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

I
tcangi
v
eaddi
t
i
onal
i
nf
or
mat
i
ont
ocommuni
caTheypr
ov
i
dei
mpor
t
antquot
at
i
onst
i
onbyt
he
useofgest
ur
es,
act
i
on,
andt
oneoft
hev
oi
ce
...
I
tenhancesor
al
communi
cat
i
onbyt
hepr
ov
i
si
onofv
i
si
bl
emov
ement

...
I
tmayt
ake
addi
t
i
onal
ski
l
l
t
obeabl
et
ounder
st
andandi
nt
er
pr
etnonv
er
bal
codes
...
Thechi
efsour
ceoft
hi
shi
ndr
anceorbar
r
i
eri
sNOI
SE
...
I
nl
i
ngui
st
i
cpar
l
ance,
t
hesour
ceofnoi
se
coul
dbesemant
i
c,
gr
ammat
i
cal
orphonol
ogi
cal

...
Asar
esul
toft
hi
s,
t
her
ei
smi
sunder
st
andi
ngar
i
si
ngf
r
om
meani
ngsat
t
achedt
ocer
t
ai
nexpr
essi
ons
...

Somet
i
mes,
t
hi
spr
obl
em occur
sbecauseoft
heeducat
i
onal
l
ev
el
oft
hei
ndi
v
i
dual
s
...
I
nt
hesamewaybusi
nessconnot
esdi
f
f
er
entt
hi
ngs
t
odi
f
f
er
entpeopl
e
...


CodeofSwi
t
chi
ng:
Thi
si
sasi
t
uat
i
oni
nwhi
chasi
ngl
espeakerusesv
ar
i
et
i
esofcodesf
r
om
di
f
f
er
entl
anguagesi
nasi
ngl
eut
t
er
ance
...

g
...

Thecodesar
emi
xedasopposedt
oswi
t
chi
ng
...
Ont
heot
herhand,
t
her
ecoul
dbeEngl
i
shphonemes,
whi
chdonotoccuri
n
t
hel
ear
ner
�snat
i
v
el
anguage
...

g
...
I
gbol
anguagehasno�gi
ng� pr
ogr
essi
v
ef
or
m sot
henear
est//soundi
s
subst
i
t
ut
edi
nwor
dl
i
kel
ongi
ng,
si
ngi
nget
c
...


Lookatt
heset
r
ansl
at
i
ons:

(
i
)Obi
nnawaschasi
ngAdaor
ay
est
er
day(
wooi
ng)

(
i
i
)Mymot
heri
scooki
ngsoup(
pr
epar
i
ng)

(
i
i
i
)Thegov
er
nmentshoul
dt
akequal
i
f
i
edt
eacher
s

(
empl
oy
)

(
i
v
)Heusedf
oury
ear
st
ost
udy(
spent
)

(
v
)Mysi
st
erbor
nababy(
gav
ebi
r
t
h)

...


{
ENDOFPART(
I
)
}

CONTI
NUATI
ON�

Pl
easeReadOn

##Dani
el
JohnAgbo



---