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University of the Punjab, Lahore
Submitted to: Dr
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Introduction

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Types of Pollutants

3

What is air pollution
Sources of air pollution
Types of air pollutants
Effects of air pollution on agriculture
Control of air pollution
References

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4
5
6
8
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Air Pollution and its Effects on Agriculture
Introduction:

“Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of our
air, land, and water that may or will harmfully affects human life or that of desirable species, our
industrial processes, living conditions, and cultural assets (Odum, 1971)”
...
By and large, the term pollution is used to refer to harmful materials
introduced by man into the environment
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Every human
society, be it rural, urban, industrial and most technologically advanced society, dispose of
certain kinds of byproducts and waste products which when are injected into the biosphere in
quantities so great that they affect the normal functioning of ecosystems and have an adverse
effect on plants, animals, and man are collectively called pollutants (Smith, 1977)
...

Types of Pollutants
Pollutants primarily are grouped into the following two types:
1
...
Certain pollutants such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur
dioxide, lead, mercury and other trace elements are the consequence of life processes being
produced through respiration, faeces, urine and body decomposition
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2
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A vast array of synthetic
pollutants are increasing continuously with urbanization and industrial growth
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Several of these compounds are extremely stable and persist in the environment for a
considerable period posing serious environmental hazards
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Thus, when due to some natural processes or human activities the amount of solid waste or
concentration of gases other than O2 increase in the air which normally has constant percentage
of different gases in it, the air is said to be polluted and this phenomenon is referred to as air or
atmospheric pollution
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Sources of Air Pollution
1
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

The volcanic eruptions may eject large amounts of gases and particulate matter
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

Dust storms sometimes carry fine sand for thousands of kilometers and favorable
weather conditions stimulate the release of pollen, affecting people sensitive to it
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Air Pollution by Human Activities


Industrial chimney wastes: There are a number of industries which are potent sources of
air pollution such as petroleum refineries processors, cement factories, chemical
manufacturing industries



Thermal power stations: The chief pollutants of coal burning are fly ash, SO2' and other
gases (CO, NO2), aldehydes and hydrocarbons
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, contribute the same type of
pollutants as cars
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Carbon
compounds 2
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Nitrogen oxides 4
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Flurocarbons 6
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Metals 8
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Particulate matter 10
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Effects of air pollution on agriculture:
1
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Its high atmospheric concentrations
produce various injuries to leaves such as interveinal and blade damage, necrosis of leaves
and cellular collapse
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Pine trees are more susceptible than broad leaved trees and react by partial
defoliation and reduced growth
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Nitrogen oxides: In plants, NO2 brings about bifacial necrosis leading to collapse of leaves,
enhancement of green colour followed by chlorosis and extensive leaf drop
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3
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PAN is known to block “Hill reaction” of photosynthesis
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Epidermal and guard cells are not
injured by PAN
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Ozone: Levels of ozone (O3) may rise in atmosphere
due to human activities
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Thus, O3 results in necrotic flecking of
upper surface of leaf general chlorosis and bronzing,
premature senescence of plants, precocious dropping
of older leaves, reduced growth of shoots and roots,
suppression of nodulation, reduction in seed set and
yield
...

5
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Their man-made or
artificial sources are petroleum refining etc
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Its low
amounts

impair

plant

growth; result

in

excessive dropping of bloom and young fruits, development of small, partially or completely
seedless fruits and premature formation of soft red flesh and splitting of peach
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Hydrocarbons
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The hydrocarbon ethylene causes yellowing
and occasional necrosis of leaves, chlorosis
of floral buds, inhibition of terminal growth,
epinasty of leaves, shortening of internodes,
thickening of stems, lack of apical dominance, stunted growth, dry sepal disease of orchids
and decrease in the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids
...

7
...

8
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Ammonia causes in plants, bleaching of leaves, rusty
spots on leaves and flowers, reduction of root and
shoot growth, browning and softening of fruits,
development of dark, corky lenticels in apples, and
reduction in the rate of seed germination
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Following steps have to be taken to control pollution at source
(prevention) as well as after the release of pollutants in the atmosphere
...
Vlachokostas, C
...
A
...
; Kalogeropoulos, K
...
;
Moussiopoulos, N
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; Banias, G
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Economic damages of
Ozone air pollution to crops using combined air quality and GIS modeling
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Environ
...

2
...
A
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; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, 2014
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Heck, W
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; Taylor, O
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; Tingey, D
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Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants;
Elsevier Applied Science: London, UK, 1988
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Lee, E
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Early detection mechanisms for tolerance and amelioration of ozone stress in
crop plants
...
B
...
,
Eds
...

5
...
Influence of atmospheric pollutants on agriculture in developing countries: A
case study with three new varieties in Pakistan
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Total Environ
...

6
...
M
...
Environ
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1983, 9, 539–548
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World Bank
...

8
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; Agrawal, M
...
) cultivars to ambient air pollution using open top chambers at a rural site
in India
...
Total Environ
...

9
...
V
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Rice yield loss due to industrial pollution in Vietnam
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US-China
Public Adm
...

10
...
; Hu, T
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; Skjelvik, J
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; Song, G
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; Wu, J
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Environmental economic impact assessment in China: Problems and prospects
...

Impact Assess
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2007, 27, 1–25
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Humblot, P
...
; Clerino, P
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; Castell, J
...
; Jayet, P
...

Assessment of ozone impacts on farming systems: A bio-economic modeling approach
applied to the widely diverse French case
...
Econ
...

12
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; Bell, J
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B
...
M
...
Environ
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2007, 150, 267–279
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Dixon, B
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; Garcia, P
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W
...
M
...

14
...
; Ma, W
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; Ren, J
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; Dai, Y
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Light Met
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15
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M
...
P
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Working

Paper
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Available

online:

https://www
...
org/wp

content/uploads/2014/09/Aragon-Rud-2013-Working-

Paper
...

16
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; Neeliah, H
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J
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Econ
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17
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; Shankar, B
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Appl
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2010, 42, 2449–2458
18
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F
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P
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Appl
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2011, 43, 3129–3142

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