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PROKARYOTES
Eubacteria (True Bacteria) - lacks nucleus, cell wall made of peptidoglycan,
many form spores
Classification by shape [Cocci, bacilli, spirilii]
By differential staining —> Gram Staining
By nutritional requirements
By Sequence
• 2 groups of Prokaryotes- Eubacteria and Archaea [ live in more extreme
environments
...

• Can Classify them based on shape [cocci, bacilli and spirilii]
• One of the major ways people generally identify bacteria is through differential
staining
...
The main stain used is the
Gram Stain
...

• Begin with un-stained cells
...
All bacteria then look purple
...
Those cells are then treated with a mordant
which fix the dye onto the bacteria [Sodium-Iodide or iodine] The mordant
holds and sticks that dye in an aggregate and will therefore be all
clumped together
...
Then dissolve the walls of the bacteria using an alcohol
or an acetone solvent
...
It is this step that differentiates between the
two
...
This leaves you with purple and non-purple cells
...

Results in pink cells which are gram -ve and purple cells which are gram
+ve
...
They sort of stain but not really
...
There are many different species
within the listeria where one of them is known as monocytogenes
[Listerosis] - This bacteria contaminates food making you sick
...
Penicillin attacks the ability of the bacteria to synthesize a cell

wall if its a gram positive (peptidoglycan wall) causing them to die
...

• Some examples of gram negatives are Hemophilus influenzae and the other is
Yersinia pestis [ black death ]
...

By Nutritional Requirements
• The ability to be able to identify a set of different bacteria to determine
whether they will have an impact on us or not
...
Add the sample to this
broth which then results in fermentation and gas production which
confirms the test of the presence of the Coliform Bacteria and can then
determine the coliform count in drinking water
...
Can
be separated on the basis of the bacterias DNA sequence
...
Ribosomal RNA is used in protein
synthesis and is a highly conserved sequence
...
Scientists
know they exist due to their ribosomal RNA sequence but can’t grow
them
...

• Isolating bacteria in mines from rock faces that you can’t grow but can see the
DNA sequence
...

• Another aspect or issue with crypto-biota is the identification of new potential
antibiotics isolated from the soil (isolated from the crypto-biome which no
one knew existed) and is important in antibiotic resistance in bacterial
population
...
coli is both aerobic and anaerobic
...
However its not always the case, most of these prokaryotes
have extensive membrane structure associated with it
...
Have a multi membrane
structure in order for the bacteria to be able to photosynthesize
...

Consists of thylakoids that capture the light in order for photosynthesis to
occur
...

Eukaryotic Diversity
Unicellular/multicellular protists
• Shift over evolutionary time from a more simple to a more complex eukaryotic
structure
• Over a period of time 2 things happened with the prokaryotic structure- 1) is
the endomembrane structure within the prokaryotes and that sort of
structure is known as an Autogenous hypothesis which demonstrates the
cytoplasmic invagination
...

• Mitochondria and Chloroplasts double membrane result from the
endosymbiotic process of prokaryotes
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