Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

FUNGAL KINGDOM
Chytridiomycota
*Zygomycota
(Glomeromycota)
*Ascomycota [results in an ascus formation which eventually results in 8
ascospores in the ascomata]
*Basidiomycota
• None of * have motile spore associated with them, however Chytridiomycota
does due to the presence of the undilipodium
...
Includes
communication between different species in the forest within the mycelia
that is connected through the Glomeromycota
...
The ascii
form as a consequence followed by the fusion of meiosis in the nuclei of
vegetative mycelia, engage in sexual activity since they exist normally in a
homokaryotic state
...
There term Syncytium or coenocytic is often used to
explain them
...
Fusion then
occurs forming a dikaryon or a heterokaryon, where the nuclei have come
from two different genetic states
...
Later on it engages in fusion which results in a
diploid form which then undergoes meiosis and mitosis which results in
the formation of 8 ascospores and many ascii is known as the ascomata
...

• Croziers, where the two dikaryotic nuclei are present just before fusion occurs
...

• The ascomycota also have asexual spore production
...
Asexual spores not very long lived compared
to the ascospres and look like dust
...
The
conidiophore can usually assist you in what type of fungi it is
...
Reason for this is that the meiotic process allows you to weigh
out where particular genetic events occur
...
Recombination occurs in meiosis and usually seen on the
lower spores
...
The 4 lower ones will be A and the upper ones will be a
...
Will then have a shift of where these spores are in the
ascus
...
This increases the phylogeny of the
organism
...
The molecular genetics associated
with this organism is powerful
...

There are other genera associated with the Ascomycota known as
Saccharomyces [yeast- beer, bread and wine]; Neurospora [ not used
economically but for research]; Penicillium [ have antibiotics associated
with them but some can be relatively dangerous- blue green seen on
bread- usually found in soil- selective advantage in killing bacteria in the
surrounding area- penicillin inhibits the formation of the wall synthesis of
bacteria]; Aspergillus [Some of them are used as fermentative agents
...
Some
members produce toxins
...

Aspergillus will grow on food stuffs where its humid- for example
peanuts
...

Their major target is liver and therefore aflatoxin is routinely tested to
make sure it doesn’t get into the food chain
...
Don’t have roots but get down
into the soil a little bit- held to a certain extent but not held deeply
...
The colour
of it are usually bluish white with a green tinge to it
...
This is an
example of a Lichen
...
The fungus is typically an ascomycota
...
Have 2 different components
...
Algae engage in photosythesis and the mycelial feeds on the
carbohydrates present in the fungal cells
...
Lichens can survive in the
harshest conditions and literally starve due to the lack of nutrients present
and therefore grows extremely slowly
...
Can produce acids that will interact with the rock
in order to break down the minerals present
...
The branching structures seen are known as the fruiticose
form of the Cladonia
...
When you take them and grow
them together again they will undergo symbiosis again
...
Similar to the ascomycota- have a similar situation where
you have these dikaryons (n+n) that exist
...
Within the fruiting body, you have these
structures which form which are still n + n and then you get the fusion
occurring and the production of the diploid and then you get the meiotic
divisions occurring and with the meiosis occurring, spores start to bleb
off and these are the haploid spores or the bacidio spores of the
mushroom

---