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Classification of Animals
—>Taxonomy and Classification:
Taxonomy literally means the formal system from naming and grouping
organisms
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Organizes things in order
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Carolus Linnaeus- Developed scheme or classification that we use
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[Can
compare animal species based on morphology]
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The least inclusive can rule out the species
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The most inclusive mandatory rank is
Kingdom
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[Don’t need to remember all 30 ranks, just the 7]
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Example- Japanese Eel [Anguilla japonica]
—>Animal Classification and Relationships:

Phylogenetic diagram of Echinoderms [Refer to Slide]
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Chronological order from the
most primitive to the most modern animal within the phylum
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Characters- comparison of characteristics
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Homology- looking for similarities that suggest common ancestry
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Example of homoplasy- penguins fish and dolphins all represent a fusiform
shape
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Have a body
shape that’s hydrodynamic [torpedo like shape]
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—> Modern Phylogenetic Systematics: Cladistic Analysis
Q] How do we use character variation to construct phylogeny?
Use a Cladogram which is a phylogenetic diagram based on cladistic analysis
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A clade then is a group of organisms that share derived character states
and form subsets within a study group
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Comparing a number of organism all of which are chordates- all possess a
central axial skeleton but is different because it doesn’t contain a vertebral
column
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This is when they started developing 4 limbs which
separated the fish form the frogs lizards and monkeys
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Sources of phylogenetic information:
-Comparative morphology- shapes and sizes of organismal structures
including developmental origins [Example skulls bones, limb bones] —> Living
and fossil records
-Comparative biochemistry- gene and protein sequencing [Example rDNA
[slow], mtDNA [fast]] —> Living and some fossil material
rDNA changes very slowly and thus evolves very slowly
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—> Living material only
Animal Architecture
—> Five grades of organization within animal and animal-like groups
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b-e) Metazoa- multicellular animals —> animal
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Metazoan cell - a single unit that is part of the whole organism and thus
cannot live independently
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B) Cellular level of organization- includes multicellular micro flagellates
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Division of labour between cells and

these cells are not organized into tissues
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Arranged into definite layers or
patterns
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D) Tissue-organ level of organization- Example flatworms- tissues that
organize into organs
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The bulk tissue is referred to as the parenchyma [one particular tissue
type] which is then supported by other tissue types [supportive tissue]
which is known as the stroma
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E) Organ-system level of Organization- where you see the vast majority
of organisms including humans
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—> Organ systems
Have 11 organ systems within the human body [metazoans]
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Digestive system- GI tract [6]; Accessory digestive organs [4] —>
[altogether 10 organs]
—> Tissue types
Tissue is an organization of like cells
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1
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Connective tissue
3
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Nervous tissue

  



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