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Animal Architecture
—>Epithelial tissues:
Modification of a basic theme can allow for a wider diversity
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Simple Epithelia- one cell layer - simply means the simple structure- nothing
to do with complexity or the job that this particular tissue does
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Simple squamous epithelia facilitates
movement of gasses and other molecules
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Very thin so its
good for facilitating movement of gasses
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Tuna and
swordfish that move very fast in water- their gills are covered in these cells
so that oxygen can move rapidly in and out
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Think of nephron- movement of fluid
through that nephron and the ability of the cells to secrete salt into the
lumen or for things to be reabsorbed
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Example intestine
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Usually nuclei are in a single
layer usually in the same location within the cell
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Basal cells push upwards
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Example oesophagus
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Stratified columnar epithelia
Pseudo stratified epithelia- pseudo usually means fake
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Looks stratified because some of the cells actually do
reach the surface
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** Fish gill- A simple multifunctional epithelium
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Respiration
2
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Acid-base balance
4
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Despite what we have as an architectural simple organits physiologically highly complex
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Everything is responsible for nitrogenous waste
excretion
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—> Extracellular components
Non-cellular components
Body fluids- Eumetazonas- contain 2 fluid compartments
intracellular space- within cells
extracellular space- outside cell [this space is divided up into blood plasma
[3L in human body] and interstitial fluid [11L]]
Extracellular Structural elements- Supportive material
-loose connective “tissue”
-bone
-cartilage
-cuticle
—> Body Plans
Feature that has enabled us to distinguish between major animal groups
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A couple of different things that are important
for us to recognize when looking at animals across different phyla
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Architecturally
they’re different even though they superficially look the same
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Theres a variety
of different symmetries across the animal phyla
1
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Example Amoeba
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Limited symmetry in
animal architecture
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Spherical Symmetry- Example Radiolarian- a unicellular eukaryote and is
a mineralized skeleton
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The
body lacks an axis since its spherical in form
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Body parts
[organelles] are arranged concentrically around a central point and
therefore has an infinite number of planes of symmetry since
everything is organized in the centre
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Everything is located
equidistant to a central point
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Radial symmetry- The body has the general form of a cylinder and
usually theres one main axis around which body parts are radially
arranged around the central axis
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[Think of an umbrella as an inanimate object]
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In its purest
form radial symmetry is quite rare due to internal structure of
organisms and is typically found in sponges
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Not uncommon but in its purest form its rare
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Described as secondary radial
symmetry
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Bilateral symmetry- Body parts are oriented about a single anterior
to posterior axis
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Formation of a central control
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Control of the animal is dictated by
the sensory structures on the anterior
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Also see a differentiation of a dorsal [protection] and
ventral [locomotion] portion
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Looking at development from zygote to the internal architecture
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Gastrula division of 2 layers
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Sponges would
stop at the Blastula stage
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Can designate the internal
architecture of developmental planning to the Blastula
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The advent of the coelom- portion of the animal- fluid filled cavity that
allows the animal to go larger and exploit different habitats
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Can process oxygen, waste and nutrients
more easily
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The
earthworm does this best
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Acoelomate- no true coelom because no body cavity within the mesoderm
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Just tissue
cavity
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The
mesoderm only surrounds the inside of the endoderm
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Absence of a peritoneum which is a cell
membrane that forms internal organs
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Lined with peritoneum
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Formed by 2 mechanisms
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Ultimately they form the same identical structure
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Mesoderm lining the other two gel
layers
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Few key things that allow animals to become more complex
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SA increases more than the V of the organism
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Stops
damage from taking place
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Acts as
a hydrostatic skeleton providing support for soft-bodied animals
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