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Session 1
Genetics:
The branch of biology which studies the transfer of characteristics of
organisms from one generation to the next, and genes in particular, is called
‘genetics’
Heredity:
Transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring is called heredity
...

Study of heredity and hereditary changes
Johann Gregor Mendel (1886) is pioneer of the modern genetics
...

In 1902, Walter and Sutton observed the paired chromosomes in the cells of
grasshopper; until then it was not known to anyone
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In 1961, the French geneticists Francois Jacob and Jack Monad proposed a
model for process of protein synthesis with the help of DNA in bacterial cells
...
Thereby, the technique
of recombinant DNA technology emerged which has vast scope in the field of
genetic engineering
...
For this work,
he has been awarded with the Nobel Prize in 1968, along with two other
scientists
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Phosphate,
2
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Nitrogenous bases are of four types of adenine, guanine, cytosine and
thymine
...

Each strand in the molecule of DNA is made up of many small molecules
known as ‘nucleotide’
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As there are four types of
nitrogenous bases, nucleotides
also

are

of

four

types
...


The two threads of the DNA
molecule are comparable to the
two rails of a ladder and each rail
is made up of alternately joined
molecules

of

sugar

and

phosphoric acid
...
Adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always
pairs with guanine
...
This nucleic acid is made
up of ribose sugar, phosphate molecules and four types of nitrogenous bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
...
e
...
Large numbers of
nucleotides are bonded together to form the macromolecule of RNA
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1
...
e
...

2
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Ribosomes perform the function of
protein synthesis
...
Transfer RNA (tRNA) : The RNA
molecule which, according to the
message of the mRNA carries the
amino acid up to the ribosomes is called transfer RNA
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(4) Triplet Codon: The code for each amino acids consists of three
nucleotides
...

(5) Transcription: It is the process by which the information is transferred
from one strand of the DNA to RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase
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It is an active process which requires energy
...

(7) Translocation : The ribosome keeps on moving from one end of mRNA to
other end by the distance of one triplet codon is called Translocation
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Information about protein synthesis is stored in the DNA and synthesis
of appropriate proteins as per
requirement is necessary for body
...
This is called as
‘Central Dogma’
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Only one of the two strands of
DNA is used in this process
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Besides, there is uracil in
RNA instead of thymine of DNA
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The mRNA formed in nucleus comes in
cytoplasm
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The message
contains the codes for amino acids
...
It is called as ‘triplet
codon’
...
As per the message on
mRNA, amino acids are supplied by the
tRNA
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This is
called as ‘translation’
...
During this process, the
ribosome keeps on moving from one end of mRNA to other end by the
distance of one triplet codon
...
Such many
chains come together to form complex proteins
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Living organisms can produce new individuals like themselves due to genes
only and some of those genes are transmitted to the next generation without
any changes
...
However, sometimes sudden changes occur in those genes
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Some mutations may be minor but some may be considerable
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Mutation
may cause the genetic disorders like sickle cell anaemia
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This is the link for transcription and translation process
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be/gG7uCskUOrA

*********************************************************
I
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The causality behind the sudden changes was understood due to ________
principle of Hugo de Vries
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Transfer of information from molecule of DNA to mRNA is called as
______ process
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Which component of the cellular nucleus of living organisms carries
hereditary characters?
2
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Which are the components of the DNA molecule?
4
...

5
...

6
...




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