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1
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A
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They are characterized by low water availability
and greater temperature fluctuations
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The subtypes in this ecosystem are classified
based on their altitude ranging from sea level to 3,000 meters above sea level, the presence of
dominant forest species and endemic or native plants, amount of soil nutrients and moisture, and
the type of soil materials and soil chemistry
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Freshwater Ecosystem
1) Lacustrine: Lakes and ponds
2) Riverine: rivers, streams, creeks
3) Palustrine: marshes
A freshwater ecosystem makes a suitable environment for various plants and animals
because of its low salt content
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Inland wetlands are classified based on
hydrodynamics and geography
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Brackish/Estuarine Ecosystem
1) Mangrove swamp
2) Nipa swamp

Brackish/Estuarine Ecosystem is an area where both ocean and land contribute to a
unique ecosystem
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This is found along the shoreline and extending
seaward; mostly in the mouths of rivers
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D
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In contrast with the freshwater ecosystem, it has a high salt content
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This can be classified based on the dominant species/taxa, physical features, and
geography
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Special Ecosystem
1) Caves
These are the hollow space or cavities beneath the surface of the Earth that may have one
or several openings to surface
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2
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Forest Ecosystem
It is a diverse ecosystem that consists of plants, animals, microbes, and all other
organisms in interaction with the chemical and physical features of their environment
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The organisms in a forest

ecosystem are interdependent on one another for survival and can be classified according
to their role as producers, consumers, and decomposers
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b
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Because of the multitude of coastal
areas in the country, this ecosystem naturally occurs in the country having more than half
of the world’s 70 mangrove species
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This also serves as
breeding, feeding, and nursery grounds for many estuarine, marine, and local terrestrial
organisms
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Marginal Ecosystem
This type of ecosystem is located between two ecosystems that are either natural
or artificial such as those for agricultural use
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Urban Ecosystem
Urban ecosystems are the result of urbanization and industrialized human society
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It is also highly influenced by human activities
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As urban areas develop and rapidly expand, mostly due to inappropriate
design of urban landscape patterns, it inevitably leads to detriment of natural resources
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Coral Reef Ecosystem
The coral reef ecosystem is one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world
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The Philippines owns 5% of the world’s total
617,000sq
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of coral reefs, making it a part of the “Coral Triangle” which is made up
of countries that bear the most extensive coral reef ecosystems in the world
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Coral reefs serve as natural breakwaters and protect coastlines from storms
and erosion, provide jobs for local communities, and offer opportunities for recreation
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f
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Some examples of this ecosystem are rivers and their floodplains, lakes,
artificial fishponds, and wetlands
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The freshwater ecosystem is beneficial because it
is a cheap and convenient source of water for domestic and industrial use, a natural waste
disposal system, a reservoir for the natural water cycle, and serves as a transport route
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Sea grass and Soft-Bottom Ecosystem
Seagrass ecosystems compromise aquatic flowering plants that can live in
seawater
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The country has extensive seagrass and algal
beds and soft-bottom communities that often occur in close proximity to mangroves and
coral reefs
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They can also be a
nursery for young fish, crustaceans, and other reef organisms
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Softbottom ecosystems include environments where the seabed consists
of fine-grain sediments, mud, and sand
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Soft-bottom is the ocean’s largest benthic habitat which covers more than 60%
of Earth’s surface
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List related Laws on the protection of the Environment / Ecosystem in the Philippines
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Republic Act No
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Republic Act No
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Republic Act No
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Republic Act No
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Presidential Decree 1586 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Statement of
1878
6
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8485 Animal Welfare Act of 1998
7
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7942 Philippine Mining Act of 1995
8
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7586 National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992
9
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3931 National Water & Air Pollution Control Commission Act
10
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8435 Agriculture & Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997



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