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CHAPTER 1
Biology – study of life
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OBSERVATION:
• Flies were attracted to both jars
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bios – life
logos – study

THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
•
•
•

Microbiology – study of microorganisms
Botany – study of plants
Zoology – study of animals

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1
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and

2
...
EXPERIMENT – conducting controlled
attempts to test one or more
hypotheses and includes recording and
analyzing results
4
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BIOGENESIS – the belief that life originated
from preexisting life
...


•

Redi observed that maggots arose from
eggs laid by flies on the rotten meat but
not on the meat in the covered jar
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NEEDHAM’S EXPERIMENT
1745 – the English priest John Needham,
challenged Redi’s experiment
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EXPERIMENT: Needham’s experiment tested
whether or not microorganisms can appear
spontaneously after boiling
...
Then, he sealed it
with corks proving that it could prevent
anything from the environment to enter the
flask and generate life
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CONCLUSION: Life in the broth was caused
by spontaneous generation
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SPALLANZANI’S EXPERIMNENT
1767 – the
Spallanzani,
experiment
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Both containers were
boiled, but one setup was not sealed, allowing
air to enter the flask
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CONCLUSION: Life occurred from something
that entered the unsealed flask and that is was
the responsible for life to grow
...
They claimed that
Spallanzani excluded air from sealed flasks,
which they believed was needed for
spontaneous generation to occur
...

EXPERIMENT:
Pasteur
designed
an
experiment to test the idea that a vital element
from air was necessary for life to occur
...

OBSERVATION:
• The flasks were left open to allow the
virtual element in air to enter, but no
organisms developed in the mixture
...
He also cut
the neck of the flask
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This experiment supported the theory of
biogenesis
and
rejected
spontaneous
generation
...


CURRENT BELIEFS ABOUT THE ORIGIN
OF LIFE
At present, the idea that life comes from
preexisting life is unquestionable based on
previous findings
...


DIVINE CREATION
The oldest hypothesis that life came
from a divine being is the most widely
accepted belief
...

Creationists believed that everything
was made by a supreme in a six-day period
...


PANSPERMIA
“Panspermia” – propose that a meteor or
cosmic dust may have carried to Earth
significant amounts of organic molecules,
which started the evolution of life
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REPRODUCTION – is a process by which
genetic information is passed from one
generation to another as organisms produce
offspring
...


POPULATION – a group of the same kind of
organisms living in an area
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COMMUNITY – different populations sharing
the same habitat
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HOMEOSTASIS – the maintenance of body’s
internal environment
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TROPISM or RESPONSE – the reaction of an
organism to stimuli
...

EVOLUTION – refers to the changes in the
characteristics of a group of organisms
(species) over time
...

INTUSSUSCEPTION – living things exhibit
growth from within the cells
ACCRETION – non-living things grow but only
by accretion, which is growth by external
addition of substances
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Replacement of damaged cells
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Pillar (Patindig) – supports the other parts of
the microscope
...

Objective (Panaklaw) – metal-cylinders
attached below the nosepiece and contains
especially ground and polished lenses
...


•

LPO/Low Power Objective – lowest
magnification
HPO/High Power Objective – higher
magnification
OIO/Oil Immersion Objective –
highest magnification

ILLUMINATING PARTS

Body Tube (Katawang Tubo) – attached to
the arm and bears the lenses
...


Revolving Nosepiece (Ikuting Panaklaw) –
holds the objective lenses
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Stage (Tanghalan) – platform where object
to be examined is placed
...

Fine Adjustment (Dahang Pahusay) – helps
to keep the image in focus under progressively
higher magnification
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Clip (Pang-ipit) – secures specimen to the
stage
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ANIMAL CELL

Cells are the basic building blocks of all
living things
...
e
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PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

ROBERT BROWN
Named the cell

ROBERT HOOKE
discovered cells in cork

ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK
In 1678, Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria
and called them "animalcules" or "little
animals"
...
All organisms are composed of one
or more cells
2
...

3
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Endoplasmic Reticulum – serves as
antenna of the cell
Cell membrane – protects the cell
Golgi Apparatus – transport nutrients
and materials
Nucleolus – where protein is
assembled
Nucleus – control center and houses
the genetic information (DNA)
Lysosome – digestive/suicide bag
Ribosome – site protein synthesis
Mitochondria – power house of the cell
Vacuole – storage
Chloroplast – convert solar energy to
chemical energy (Photosynthesis)

CHAPTER 3
Cell division – also known as cell
reproduction
...

DNA, a double stranded molecule, is tightly
coiled in an organized structure called
chromosome
...
If stretched end to
end, will be about 10 feet long
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1
...

2
...

3
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MITOSIS (M) – involves the division of the
nucleus and the genetic material
...


Prophase: Start of Mitosis – pro mean
“before”
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• Nucleolus disappears

II
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• Chromosomes appear to line up
along a plane equidistant from a
microtubule
region
called
metaphase plate
...
MEIOSIS
Both undergo cell division
- Division of
nucleus and
genetic
information

- Division that
involves the
information of
sex cells

- Has 1 cell
division = 2
daughter cells

- Has 2 cell
divisions = 4
daughter cells

- Diploid

- Haploid

III
...

• Spindle fibers begin to shorten to
pull the sister chromatids away
from each other toward the
opposite ends of the cell

IV
...

• The nuclear membrane starts to
form, while the chromosomes
begin to uncoil or become less
condensed
...


CYTOKINESIS – this stage involves splitting
the cytoplasm into two cells and completes the
entire stage of the cell cycle

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