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TROPES - figures of speech which have an unexpected twist in the meaning of words, are
known as Tropes
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e
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“The office is a bee-hive of activity on Mondays
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" "He was as busy as a bee
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Synecdoche – When a part of a physical object is used for representing the whole object: for
example, "Twenty eyes watched our every move" (i
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, ten people watched our every move)
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Homonymic Puns – example, “Johnny B
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"
Sound similarities - "Casting perils before swains" (in place of "pearls before swine")
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" Another example is: Romeo and Juliet by
Shakespeare includes a famous pun said by Mercutio while he is dying: "Ask for me tomorrow
and you shall find me a grave man" (3
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97-98)
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If this leads to a change in the
verb's initial meaning, the zeugma is at times known as syllepsis:
"If we don’t hang together, we shall hang separately" (Ben Franklin)
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"
"
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“She exhausted both her audience and her repertoire
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” Prosopopeia (also spelled as prosopopoeia) is a
type of powerful personification where an inanimate object has the ability to speak
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Apostrophe - Addressing someone or some personified abstraction which is physically not
present: for example, "Oh, Death, be not proud" (John Donne)
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Einstein, you would be pleased to see how far we have
progressed in science
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Onomatapoeia -Words sounding like what they mean
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Hyperbole – Exaggerating : for example, His thundering shout could split rocks
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”
Meiosis -An understatement: for example, "I was somewhat worried when the psychopath ran
toward me with a chainsaw
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Litotes (especially popular in Old English) is a
kind of meiosis where the writer makes use of a statement in a negative way for creating the
effect: "You know, Einstein is not a bad mathematician
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e
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)
Anthimeria - Using a different part of speech to act as another, like a verb for a noun, or a noun
for a verb, or an adjective as a verb, etc
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"he sang his didn't, he danced his did
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e
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Catachresis - A completely impossible figure of speech
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" "Joe will have kittens when he hears this!" It is
very closely related to hyperbole and at times synaesthesia
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"
Synæsthesia -(also spelled synesthesia) is the mixing of one type of sensory input with another
in way that is impossible, like speaking of how a colour sounds, or how a smell looks: "The
scent of the rose rang like a bell through the garden
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"
Aporia - Talking about being unable to talk about something: “I can’t tell you how often writers
use aporia!” "It is impossible for me to describe how horrible it was to view the pink, runny
mass
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”
Oxymoron (plural oxymora, also called paradox) -Use of contradiction in a manner that oddly
makes sense: “Without laws, we can have no freedom
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2
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The
Bible itself contains many paradoxes: for example,"He that would save his life must lose it; and
he that would lose his life will save it"(Mark 8:35)
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Parallelism -When the writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length
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” The above

sentence has parallel structure in the use of adjectives
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”
If the writer uses two parallel structures, the result will be isocolon parallelism: “The bigger they
are, the harder they fall
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"
One can also combine parallel structures in a lot of unique ways
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Shakespeare used this device in Richard II when King Richard laments his unfortunate position:
I'll give my jewels for a set of beads,
My gorgeous palace for a hermitage,
My gay apparel for an almsman's gown,
My figured goblets for a dish of wood
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3
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Antithesis (plural: antitheses) - Contrary ideas that are expressed in a balanced sentence
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” Or it can
be a contrast of degree: for instance, "One small step for a man, one giant leap for all mankind
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”
Antimetabole - (also called Epanados) Repetition in a reverse order: for example, "One should
eat to live, not live to eat
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"
Alliosis -Presentation of alternatives in a balanced way: “You can eat well or you can sleep well
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”
Asyndeton -use of no conjunctions in order to create an effect of speed or simplicity: Veni
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Vici
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I saw
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” (As opposed to “I came, and I saw, and then I conquered
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”
Climax (also called Auxesis and Crescendo) – Arrangement in an order of increasing
significance: "Let a man acknowledge his obligations to himself, his family, his country, and his
God
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In bathos (mostly
used humorously) the least significant item appears anticlimactically in a place where the reader
expects something grand or dramatic
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" "I will do my best for God, for country, and for Yale
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Boxing manager Joe Jacobs, for instance, became immortal with the
phrase, “We was robbed!”
Anapodoton -intentionally creating a sentence fragment through the omission of a clause: “If
only you came with me!”
Tmesis -deliberately breaking a word into two parts for emphasis: “I have but two words to say
to your request: Im Possible
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While emphasizing
dialect, one might spell dog as dawg
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To
emphasize the feminine nature of something that is normally considered as masculine, try to
add-ette to the end of the word
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Austin Powers renders all things shagedelic
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” I was all afrightened by the use of prosthesis
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Epenthesis (also called infixation)-Adding of an extra syllable or letters in the middle of a word
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”
Repeating Yourself:
When Redundancy Is Not Redundant
Alliteration -Repetition of a sound in many words: buckets of big blue berries
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Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds: many more merry men
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Anaphora -Repeating the beginning of clauses
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We shall go on the end
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We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air
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”
Epistrophe - Repeating the concluding word: “He’s learning fast; are you earning fast?”
Epistrophe that repeats ending sounds, but not the entire words, is known as rhyme
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" Under Biblical lextalionis, one might demand “an eye for an eye, and a
tooth for a tooth, a life for a life
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As Nietzsche said, “Talent is an adornment; an adornment is also a concealment
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Poe might cry out, “Oh, horror, horror, horror!”
Symploce -repetition of words at both the starting and the ending of a phrase: In St
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Are they Israelites? So am I
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” (2 Co 11:22)



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