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Title: CELL PYSIOLOGY
Description: This is a well detailed summary of cell physiology everything you need concerning cell physiology is mentioned in the document. The document is fun to read as it has different colorful detailed notes.
Description: This is a well detailed summary of cell physiology everything you need concerning cell physiology is mentioned in the document. The document is fun to read as it has different colorful detailed notes.
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CELL PHYSIOLOGY
STICKY NOTE!!!
WHAT IS CELL PHYSIOLOGY?
Cell physiology is the biological
study of the activities that take place
in a cell to keep it alive
...
Each organ is an aggregate of many different
Cells held together by intercellular supporting
Structures
...
– For instance, the red blood cells transport oxygen
From the lungs to the tissues
...
•PROTOPLASM=CUTOPLASM+
NUCLEUS
Protoplasm is composed mainly of five basic
Substances:
• Water
• Electrolytes (ions),
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates
...
Many cellular chemicals are dissolved in the
Water
...
Ions!!!
• The most important ions in the cell are:
– Potassium,
– Magnesium,
– Phosphate,
– Sulfate,
– Bicarbonate,
– And smaller quantities of sodium, chloride, and
Calcium
...
• These can be divided into two types:
– Structural proteins
– Functional proteins
...
– Filament = long chain of proteins
• A prominent use of such intracellular filaments is to form
Microtubules (polymers of protein – tubulin) that provide
The "cytoskeletons" of such cellular organelles as cilia,
Nerve axons, the mitotic spindles of mitosing cells
...
Functional proteins
• The functional proteins are mainly the enzymes
Of the cell
• The functional proteins are often mobile in the
Cell fluid
...
Lipids
• Lipids are several types of substances that are
Grouped together because of their common
Property of being soluble in fat solvents
...
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrate in the form of dissolved glucose is
Always present in the surrounding extracellular
Fluid so that it is readily available to the cell
...
They act as an
energy source, help control blood
glucose and insulin metabolism
...
• It also contains highly organized physical
Structures, called intracellular organelles
...
• These membranes include the
– Cell membrane,
– Nuclear membrane,
– Membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum,
– Membranes of the mitochondria, lysosomes, and
Golgi apparatus
...
• Where these are present, the reticulum is called
The granular endoplasmic reticulum
...
A granular Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Part of the endoplasmic reticulum has no
Attached ribosomes
...
• The granular reticulum functions for the
Synthesis of lipid substances and for other
Processes of the cells promoted by intrareticular
Enzymes
...
• It usually is composed of four or more stacked
Layers of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles lying near
One side of the nucleus
...
Lysosomes
• Lysosomes are vesicular organelles that form by
Breaking off from the Golgi apparatus and then
Dispersing throughout the cytoplasm
...
• The lysosome is surrounded by a typical lipid bilayer
Membrane and is filled with large numbers of small
Granules, which are protein aggregates of as many as
40 different hydrolase (digestive) enzymes
...
• They contain oxidases rather than hydrolases
...
– Hydrogen peroxide is a highly oxidizing substance and is
Used in association with catalase (oxidase enzyme) to
Oxidize many substances that might otherwise be
Poisonous to the cell
...
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria are present in all areas of each
Cell’s cytoplasm
• Their total number per cell varies from less than
A hundred up to several thousand, depending on
The amount of energy required by the cell
...
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria are self-replicative, which means
That one mitochondrion can form a second one,
A third one, and so on, whenever there is a
Need in the cell for increased amounts of ATP
Title: CELL PYSIOLOGY
Description: This is a well detailed summary of cell physiology everything you need concerning cell physiology is mentioned in the document. The document is fun to read as it has different colorful detailed notes.
Description: This is a well detailed summary of cell physiology everything you need concerning cell physiology is mentioned in the document. The document is fun to read as it has different colorful detailed notes.