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AP US History Study Guide

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Several political, economic, and social causes sparked the American Revolution
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Economically, the colonies were becoming more
self-sufficient and saw the British taxes hindering their growth
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The American Revolution, also known as the U
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War of Independence, was the
insurrection fought between 1765 and 1783
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Politically, the British government governed the colonies through a system of
"salutary neglect," in which the government largely left the colonies alone to
govern themselves
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This led to increasing resentment among the colonists, who
felt they were being taxed without representation in the British government
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Economically, the colonies were becoming increasingly self-sufficient and saw the
British taxes hindering their growth
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This led to a decrease in trade and economic growth in the colonies
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This further hindered the colonial
economy and led to resentment and frustration among the colonists
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As the colonies began to feel
the effects of the British government's control and taxes, they came together and
shared their frustrations
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This social cause was significant because it helped mobilize the colonists and give
them a sense of purpose in their struggle for independence
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The colonists were becoming increasingly frustrated with the British
government's attempts to exert more control over them, including through
taxation without representation
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Lastly, there was a
growing sense of unity and identity among the colonies, which helped to fuel the
desire for independence
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Know critical figures and events of the Revolutionary War, including George
Washington, the Boston Tea Party, and the Declaration of Independence
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Key figures of the war include George Washington, who served as
commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and critical events include the
Boston Tea Party, in which colonists protested against British taxes by throwing
tea into the Boston Harbor, and the Declaration of Independence, in which the
colonies formally declared their independence from Britain
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S
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The war
began in April 1775 and officially ended in September 1783 with the signing of the
Treaty of Paris
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Washington's leadership and
strategic thinking were instrumental in the Continental Army's success and
ultimately helped to lead the colonies to victory
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A group of
colonists, the Sons of Liberty, protested against British taxes by throwing 342
chests of tea into the Boston Harbor
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The Declaration of Independence was another important event in the
Revolutionary War
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This document was significant because it set forth the colonies' reasons
for seeking independence and served as a rallying cry for the colonists during the
war
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Key figures of the war
include George Washington, who served as commander-in-chief of the
Continental Army, and critical events include the Boston Tea Party, in which

colonists protested against British taxes by throwing tea into the Boston Harbor,
and the Declaration of Independence, in which the colonies formally declared
their independence from Britain
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Understand the formation and principles of the U
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Constitution, including the
Bill of Rights
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It was written in 1787 by a
group of 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention, tasked with revising the
Articles of Confederation, which had served as the United States' first
constitution
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The Constitution lays out the basic structure of the federal government, including
the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches
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The Constitution also
establishes the President as the head of the executive branch and the Supreme
Court as the head of the judicial branch
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S
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These
amendments protect individual rights such as freedom of speech and religion,
freedom of the press, the right to bear arms, a fair trial, and freedom from
unreasonable searches and seizures
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In summary, the United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United
States and outlines the structure of the federal government
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The Constitution also includes the Bill of Rights, the first ten
amendments that protect individual rights such as freedom of speech and religion
and are considered the cornerstone of American democracy
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Know the main ideas and events of the early republic, including the Federalist
and Democratic-Republican parties
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During this period, the new nation struggled to establish itself and
define the nature of its government
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During the early republic, two main political parties emerged: the Federalist Party
and the Democratic-Republican Party
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It supported a strong central government and a loose interpretation of the
Constitution
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The Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison,
supported states' rights and a strict interpretation of the Constitution
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They opposed the Federalist's policies and advocated
for more power to be given to the states and the people
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The Federalist party would eventually fall apart, and the DemocraticRepublican Party would split into different factions, one of which would become
the modern Democratic party and the other the modern Republican party
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During this time, two
main political parties emerged: the Federalist Party, which supported a strong
central government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution, and the
Democratic-Republican Party, which supported states' rights and a strict
interpretation of the Constitution
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5
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The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and Great Britain from
1812 to 1815
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The effects of the war included the burning of Washington D
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and the
Treaty of Ghent that ended the war, which essentially returned the status quo
antebellum
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One of the leading causes of the war was trade disputes
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Additionally, the British navy was stopping American ships and
impressing American sailors into service, which was a significant source of tension
between the two nations
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Many Americans
believed the nation had a manifest destiny to expand westward, and they saw the
war as an opportunity to acquire more land and resources
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One of the most
notable events of the war was the burning of Washington, D
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, by the British in
1814
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Additionally, the war substantially impacted the
American economy, as it disrupted trade and caused considerable damage to
American infrastructure
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The war was
also significant because it marked the end of the Federalist Party as a major
political force
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In summary, the War of 1812 was a military conflict between the United States
and Great Britain that lasted from 1812 to 1815
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Still, some of the main factors included trade disputes,
disputes over the treatment of American sailors by the British navy, and American
expansionist desires
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C
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The Treaty of Ghent ended the war, which essentially returned the status quo
antebellum
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Know critical figures and events of the antebellum period, including the
Missouri Compromise and the Dred Scott decision
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Key figures during this time include Abraham Lincoln, who opposed the
expansion of slavery, and Stephen A
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Key events
include the Missouri Compromise, which established a line above which slavery
was prohibited in new states and territories, and the Dred Scott decision, in which
the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and could not
sue for their freedom
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He was elected as
the 16th President of the United States in 1861, and his election was one of the
primary triggers for the outbreak of the Civil War
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Douglas, who supported the
expansion of slavery and believed that it was a necessary part of the American
economy
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One of the critical events of the antebellum period was the Missouri Compromise
of 1820
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However, the compromise was ultimately unable to resolve
the issue of slavery, and tensions continued to escalate
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In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens
and could not sue for their freedom
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In summary, the antebellum period was a time of great tension in the United
States as the issue of slavery and states' rights came to a head
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Douglas, who supported it
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These events and figures were significant in escalating the tensions that
ultimately led to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861
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Understand the causes and events of the Civil War, including pivotal battles and
the role of Abraham Lincoln
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The leading
cause of the war was the disagreement over the issue of slavery, with the North
opposing it and the South supporting it
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Key events include
significant battles such as Gettysburg and Antietam, the role of Abraham Lincoln
as the president of the United States during the war, and his Emancipation
Proclamation, which declared all enslaved people in the Confederate states to be
free
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The leading cause of the war was the
disagreement over the issue of slavery, with the North opposing it and the South
supporting it
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The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, who was strongly anti-slavery, was a
significant factor in the outbreak of war
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Lincoln's election and the increasing abolitionist sentiment in the North
led to a fear among many in the South that their way of life and property rights
were threatened
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Some of the most significant actions include
Gettysburg, Antietam, and Vicksburg
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One of the critical events during the war was the Emancipation Proclamation,
issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863
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It was seen as a moral victory for the North and weakened
the Confederate war effort by depriving them of a significant source of labor
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The war resulted in the abolition of slavery and the end of the Confederate States
of America
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The end of the war also
marked the beginning of the Reconstruction Era, which saw the rebuilding of the
South and the granting of rights and freedoms to newly freed slaves
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Know critical figures and events of Reconstruction, including the 13th, 14th,
and 15th amendments
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The main goal of reconstruction was to
rebuild the southern states devastated by the war and to integrate the newly
freed African American population into society
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During the Reconstruction period, the government implemented several policies
to address the issue of slavery and the rights of African Americans
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The 13th Amendment, ratified in 1865,
abolished slavery and involuntary servitude
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And the 15th Amendment, ratified in 1870, gave
African American men the right to vote
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However, despite these efforts and progress, the
reconstruction period was met with resistance and violent opposition by many
white southerners, including the rise of the Ku Klux Klan
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Reconstruction was also marked by the impeachment of President Andrew
Johnson, who took office after Lincoln's assassination
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Overall, the Reconstruction period was a significant time in American history that
brought about substantial changes to the country but also highlighted the
ongoing challenges of race relations and political divisions that would continue to
shape the nation for decades
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Understand the causes and effects of westward expansion and the Indian Wars
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The Indian Wars were a series of conflicts
that took place between the U
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government and various Native American tribes
as a result of westward expansion
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Westward expansion, also known as Manifest Destiny, was a significant
movement in American history that began in the late 18th century and continued
until the 1890s
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The Louisiana Purchase in 1803, which
doubled the size of the United States and opened up new territories for
settlement, was a significant catalyst for westward expansion
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The Indian Wars were a series of conflicts that took place between the U
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government and various Native American tribes as a result of westward
expansion
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S
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The Indian Removal Act of 1830, which authorized the forced
relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands to lands west of
the Mississippi River, was a significant policy that led to the displacement of tens
of thousands of Native Americans
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Many were forcibly removed from their ancestral lands and
relocated to unfamiliar territories
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The loss of their lands and way of life
profoundly impacted Native American culture and societies
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The legacy of westward expansion and the Indian
Wars continues to shape the relationship between the U
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government and
Native American tribes
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Know critical figures and events of the Gilded Age, including industrialization
and the rise of big business
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Key figures during this time
include industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D
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Key events include the rise of big business, the
growth of the American economy, and the emergence of new technologies such
as the telegraph and the railroads
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Despite the tremendous economic growth, many people fell
behind, leading to the rise of populist movements and labor unions
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The country was experiencing a period of rapid industrialization, with new
technologies and innovations driving economic growth
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Rockefeller
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Many people fell behind in terms of economic
prosperity, and this led to the rise of populist movements and labor unions
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The working conditions for many people were poor, and there were
few protections or benefits for workers
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The Gilded Age also saw the rise of new technologies, such as the telegraph and
railroads, which significantly drove economic growth and connected the country
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In short, The Gilded Age was a period of rapid economic growth and
industrialization in the United States, marked by the rise of big business, the
development of the American economy, and the emergence of new technologies
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11
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The Spanish-American War was a conflict between the United States and Spain in
1898
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The war resulted in the defeat of Spain and the
emergence of the United States as a world power
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S
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12
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World War I was a global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918
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The United States entered the war in
1917 on the Allies’ side and played a significant role in the final victory
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13
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Roosevelt's New Deal policies
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The
leading causes of the depression include the stock market crash of 1929, the
failure of the banking system, as well as the economic policies of the 1920s
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Key figures during this time include Franklin D
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14
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World War II was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945
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Key
figures during this time include Franklin D
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Truman, who
served as president during the war
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15
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The Cold War was a period of tension between the United States and the Soviet
Union that lasted from the end of World War II to the early 1990s
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Key
events include the Korean War, in which the United States supported South Korea
against North Korea, and the Vietnam War, in which the United States supported
South Vietnam against the communist government of North Vietnam
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