Notesale: Turn your study into money

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
HISTORY OF COMPUTER:
In earlier days merchants in Egypt and china used a device called as ABACUS
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,, abacus was in use for around 4000 years
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A typical structure
of abacus computer

CHARLES BABBAGE ( 1792 – 1871 ):
 He is known as FATHER OF COMPUTERS
 He is a mathematics professor who created the design for computer
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 In 1833 he invented analytical engine which had 5 functional units :


Input unit



Output unit



Arithmetic unit



Control unit



Memory unit

 The ideas formulated by babbage in designing the analytical engine helped the
scientists to lay foundation for the human’s greatest achievement COMPUTER
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Binary language will be in the form of 0 and 1
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The heat generated by
vaccum tubes damaged the sensitive parts of computer
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 Also machine language was very difficult to understood
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 Second generation computers were smaller as compared to the first
generation computers
 The computational time of Second generation computers was reduced to
microseconds from milliseconds
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Hence, programming became more time-efficient and less cumbersome
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--------> INTEGRATED CHIP ( IC )
 3rd generation computers were more smaller and cheaper than 2 nd generation
computers
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Fifth generation computers : ( future )
 Aim of computer experts is to develop ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ( AI )
have all qualities of humans
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Information: it is a processed data(meaningful data)
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Input: the data and information entering (given by user) into a computer
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Instruction: is to process the given data
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COMPUTER
A computer is a electronic device which accepts data as input, process it according
to instructions given, and displays the output
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INPUT UNIT:
It obtains data from various input devices and place this information at the
disposal of the other units so that information may be processed
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Information can
also enter by speaking and by scanning images
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unit
2
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It consists
of three components :
 Control unit (CU)
 Arithmetic and Logical unit (ALU)
 Memory unit

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Control Unit :
The control unit directs all operations inside the computer
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e
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Its actions are




It fetches the required instructions from the main storage
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It gives command to transfer data from the input device to the memory to
ALU
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L
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L
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2) It performs certain logical actions based on AND and OR functions
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Memory Unit :
It is also called as main memory / primary memory because, like the human
memory it is able to store information, which can be recalled or accessed when
required
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Types of main memory are :

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Random Access Memory (RAM) : It is a volatile memory i
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, data cannot be
stored permanently
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Users can READ from or WRITE into this memory
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Read Only Memory (ROM) : It is non-volatile memory i
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, data can be stored
permanently
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Some
variations of ROM are :-



PROM ( Programmable read only memory )

Contents of this memory are decided by user
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

EPROM ( Erasable programmable read only memory )

Similar to PROM but contents of this memory can be changed by
exposing his memory to ultra-violet rays
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4
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Output
devices translate the computers output into a form understandable to human
beings
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,,,

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These are the
devices that hold the mass of information, which may be transferred during
processing
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As compared to
the primary memory, it has a much larger capacity, but is not as fast
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Example:

Hard disk, Compact disks (CDs)

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