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Reproduction in lower and higher plants
Parts :-01

 Reproduction :- It is the production of young one like parent’s it is on
essential process which leads to continuation of spicies
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1) Asexual Reproduction
Occurs without fusion of two compatible gamete’s or sex cell
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These morphological and genetical identical individual called clone
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Frogmentation
b
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Spore Formation
d
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Cutting
f
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Tissue culture

2) Sexual Reproduction
Occurs fusion of two compatiable gamete’s or sex cell
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e
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e
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In this, Both mitosis and meiosis occurs
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Produce’s genetically dissimal of fspring (child)
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I
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a
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e
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:- Spirogyra
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Budding
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Most common asexual reproduction
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Occur’s by producing onear more out growth(buds)
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From these buds new organisms formed
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Spore formation
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Occur’s with help of spore’s
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Mainly occur’s in flagellated body
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The motile zoospore in chlamydomonas can grow independently
into new one
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Vegetative propagation
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New plant’s are genetically identical as their parent
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Reproduction occur’s begetative part’s of plant
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Many desired plant can be grown (Naturally OR Artificially), as the
requirement of human
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A
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e
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stem cutting -> Rose
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B
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e
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Roted part of plant -> Slock
Joining part -> Scion

Page 2

C
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e
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Microprogation -> method is usable nowday’s
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1) Essential floral whorl’s :- Androecium (male), Gynoecium (female),
Stamen’s, Anthar, Filament
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 Structure of Anthar
 Group of parenchymatous tissue surrounded by single layered
epidermis
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 Each lobe (monothecous) contain’s two pollen sac’s
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e
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 For maturity hypodermal cell’s converted into archesporial cell
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 Sporogenous cell form sporogenous tissue
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 An ther wall is formed by division of parietal laye
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Epidermis
-> Made with tabular flattened cell
-> Protective in nature
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Endotheicum

Page 3

-> Sub-epidermal layer
-> Made with radially ebngated cell (fibrous thick)
c
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Tapetum
-> It is inner most layer of anther
-> It is nutritive, which provide’s nutrition
-> Immediately encloses the sporogenous tissue
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e
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 Microscopic mother cell divides mieotically to form haploid polln
grain
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 Having two layer :- a
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Intine
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Exine:-> Outer thick layer
-> Made up of comples, non-biodegraadoble substance
called sporopollening
-> It is resistant to chemical
-> Germ-pore’s is thin wall of exine
b
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Page 4

 After the mitotic division, it produces bigger, naked begetative
cell and small, thin walled generative cell
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 Two – nonmotile male gamete’s is formed from generative cell
after 2nd mitotic division
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 This occur’s mostly in angiosperm
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Apocarpus -> Flower with many free carpel
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No
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e Funiculus
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 In angiosperm’s -> 1) Common ovule is anatropous
2) Microphyte directed to downword
3) Present adyacent to funicle
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2) Coverted with protective covering i
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 MMC distinguished towards microphylar end
 Development :- Monosporic development
Developent of embryo sac form single megaspore
 In ongiosperm
 Development of female gametophyte is endosporus i
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 Female gametophyte is colourless,endosporic,concealed in the
ovule enclosed by ovary
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 It is pre – requisite’s of fertilization
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On the basis of source of pollination
a) Autogamy (self pollination)
-> Bisexual flower is pollinated by its own pollen grain
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g:- Pea plant
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g :- Cucurbita maxima
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 Note :- Chasmogamous -> When flower opens to expose it’s sex
organs
 Homogamy / cleistogamy -> self-pollination when anther and
stigma both developed at some time
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 Type’s of agent :- 1)Abiotic,2) Biotic
1) Abiotic:- a)non-living,b)water,wind-> Anemophily(pollination by
wind),Hydrophily (pollination of water)
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A) Abiotic agent
a) Anemophily (Anemos : wind,phily : pollination)
-> Plants like wheat,rice,cron,barley etc
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 Pollen grain light in weight,dry and produed In large quantity
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b) Hydrophilly (Hydros : water)
-> Occur’s in 30 – genera of aquatic monocots
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 Floral parts are unwettable
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Page 7

 Nector and gragrance is absent
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B) Pollen grain are havier than water e
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2) Epi-Hydrophily :- a) The pollination occur’s at outside surface of
water, b) Male flower flocuts on water, c) gravity of pollen grain equal,
d)Same are anemophilous e
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g:-Lotus
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g:-Rose, Jasmine
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 Produce’s sweet colour produce necter also
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b) Ornithophily ( ornithos : Birds) e
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Adoptaton
 Flower are bright coloured
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 Without gragronce
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c)Chiropteryphilly ( chiropteros : bats) e
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Adoptaon
 Flower are dull coloured with strong frogr
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 Genetically diversitie’s are increasing as plants always try do to
cross-pollination
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 Device’s
a)Uni-sexuality
 Dioecism is occur’s -> Plant’s carrie’s only male or female flower
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g:- papaya
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 Two type’s -> a) Protandry >androecium matures earlier e
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B) Protogyny> Gynoeium mature’s earlier e
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c) Prepotency :- pollen grain grow rapidly over the stgma e
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e)Self-sterility :- Self polliation mechanism e
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 Pollen – pistil interaction
 Interaction of pollen grain and stigma
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 All the event’s from deposition of pollen grains on stigma to
entry of pollen tube to synergids of ovule
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 Compatible pollen absorbs water and nutrients form surface of
stigma to germination of pollen tube
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 Artificial hybridization
 Only desired pollen grains are hand pollinated and used fertilization
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 Double fertilization
 Complex fertilization mechanism
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 Discovered by nawaschin in the liliacieous e
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 Syngamy :- Fusion of haploid male gamete with haploid female
gamete (egg) produce diploid zygote
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 Triple fusion :- 2nd hapoid male gamete fuses with diploid
secondary nucleus producing primary endospermic nucleus
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 Here , both the male gamete participate in the fertilization is called
double fertilization
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 Diploid zygote develop into embryo which give new plant
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 Help’s to avoid polyembryony
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 Post – fertilization -> change’s in ovule, embryo and in
endosperm
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B) PEN divide-s mitotically
without formation of wall
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D)
Page
10

Wall develo’s into nuclei to become multicellular body
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E
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2) Cellular type :- a) Division of PEN is followed by wall formation
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g:- Balsom
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b) Division of PEN is
followed by wall
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d)Form’s two cell :- (1) Smaller chalazal
cell
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-> It is
intermediate between cellular and nuelar type of endosperm
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 Development of zygote into embryo is nothing but
Embryogenesis
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 Growth of embryo triggered after the formation of endosperm
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 Zygote divide-s to from two called pro-embryo :- 1) Larger
cuspensor cell presented at basal end
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 The lower most cell of suspenser is nothing but hypophysis
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 Celeoptile is the protective sheath of plumule
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 Integument become’s protective covering of seed
 Seeds covering :- a) Testa : outer seed coat
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-> Some seed covert’s into endosperm after some times thee seed is
called as endosperm or albuminous
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g :- Castor,Maize
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 Fruit’s provid’s nourishment to developing seed
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 Seed serve’s important propagating organ’s
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 Mature viable seeds will not germinate even in presense of
favorable condition’s
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 Formation seed with asexual reproduction without fusion of
gamete’s
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Apogamy :- Productions of gametophytic organ without fertilization
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 Types of apomixes
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2) Non – Recurrent apomixes
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 Parthenocarpy
 Condition in which fruits develops without process of
fertilization
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 It many occur’s by production of auxin IAA ( Indole – 3 acetic
acid )
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 Increases the chanes of surrvival of new plants

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