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BIO 251 Exam 1 Cheat Sheet
by katwalker11 via cheatography
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Published 18th February, 2022
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Last updated 18th February, 2022
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Page 1 of 6
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BIO 251 Exam 1 Cheat Sheet
by katwalker11 via cheatography
...
Decrease glucose uptake
Mode of communication (endohormones nerv- electrial signals)
Result
Return to homeostatic blood
Speed of response (endo- slow nerv-
glucose levels and growth and
fast)
repair of the body
Duration of change/response (endolongish term nerv- gone fast)
Endocrine Pathology
Hypert‐
High thyroid activity - weight
hyr‐
loss, etc
...
control, weight
yroidsim
gain, hair loss, lethargy, etc
...
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Published 18th February, 2022
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Last updated 18th February, 2022
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BIO 251 Exam 1 Cheat Sheet
by katwalker11 via cheatography
...
& Accessory
Effectors
Stimulus
Vessels
Osteoclasts, kidneys,
intestines
Responses
concentrations
Osteoclasts degrade bone
Sensor/In
Chemo and temp receptors,
matrix which releases calcium
tegrator
Hypothalamus
into blood, kidney (reabsorb
Hormone
Hypothalamus releases TRH
Ca) targets liver which
releases Vit
...
Vit D to
intestines absorb more
calcium
Result
Decrease in T3 and T4
Calcium blood return to
normal range
Calcium Feedback Loop (Low)
Released
Target
Anterior pituitary
Hormone
TSH
Thyroid gland (follicular cells)
Hormone
Thyroid gland released T3 and
released
T4
Stimulus
Decreased blood Ca2+
Effector
Body tissues
Sensor/In‐
Parathyroid glands
Response
Increased metabolic activity
Result
Return to homeostatic body
tegrator
Hormone
temperature, increase in
PTH
Effectors
Osteoclasts, kidneys,
intestines
Responses
Osteoclasts degrade bone
matrix which releases calcium
into blood, kidney (reabsorb
Ca) targets liver which
releases Vit
...
Vit D to
Result
Structures that
Monitor
house and allow
lymph fluid
for storage of an
for
maturation of
pathogens
lymphocytes
Thymus
where T cells mature
Spleen
Were we send red blood cells to
be recycled , storage of WBC
Lacteals
in the intestine microvilli fat
absorption
MALT
nodules to monitor incoming
solutes for pathogens, in
Vessels, nodes, and
Lymph Drainage
characteristics
accessory organs filled
Right
right lymphatic vessels of the
of the
with water like fluid
lymphatic
right facde, right neck, right
duct
arm, right axillary and cervical
lymphatic
system?
lymph nodes
To return free fluid in the
purpose of the
body back to the blood,
lymphatic
houses and matures the
system?
WBC
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Lymph Drainage (cont)
Blood recipient prob and erythroblastosis
fetalis (cont)
Left
All remaining lymph vessels
lymphatic
and nodes of the upper body
Mother is Rh- and has been exposed to
duct aka
and the total lower body
...
in immune
response
Lack of platelet production = no clot =
thrombocytopenia
House and mature many white blood cells,
we transport WBC from tissues back into
circulation, nodes monitor cells and
pathogens that travel through
Erythrocyte recycling
Anemia
low O2 to tissues
Hemorr‐
caused by blood loss
hagic
anemia
Hemolytic
excessive RBC destruction
anemia
with low hematopoiesis
Aplastic
bone marrow is not functioning
anemia
enough (during and after
Hemophilia - genetic disorder that stops/‐
lacks conversion of clotting factors
Thrombus and Embolus
Thrombus
Clot forming where it does not
belong, usually in an artery
Break down old RBC with the spleen and
with cholesterol crystal
liver, dispose of bilirubin as bile, reuse iron
to make new RBC
Anemia and Polycythemia
deposits
Embolus
Thrombus dislodging from the
chemo)
Iron
not enough iron to make
deficient
hemoglobin
Sickle
inherited Hb mutation
Cell
anemia
Polycy‐
high RBC - blood is too viscou‐
themia
s/thick dec
...
e
...
Prothrombin activator
ation
released by damage
Agglutination with the wrong type blood -
2
...
Thrombin converts fibrinogen
into fibrin (insoluble - not dissol‐
vable)
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RBC Count
Hematopoesis
Hb binding affinity for O2 and CO2 (cont)
Tired/lethargy, dizziness/light
Making of
Myeloid stem cells (makes
Body
pH -
Temp - lots
Partial
headedness, increased heart
blood
RBC, platelets, basophils,
tissues
low pH
of
Pressure
rate, headaches, shortness of
cells -
eosinophils, neutrophils,
-> dec
...
Lymphoid stem
O2
inc
...
O2 carrying
iation of
cells (lymphocytes)
affinity
dec
...
O2
RBC but
capacity, decreases fatigue,
stem cells
and
affinity and
affinity
not too
inc
...
inc
...
O2
affinity
and
affinity and
Spongy bone - red bone
and
binding
binding
marrow
binding
Erythropoietin
released
Response
Make RBC
Result
Inc
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Published 18th February, 2022
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Last updated 18th February, 2022
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BIO 251 Exam 1 Cheat Sheet
by katwalker11 via cheatography
...
)
T
memory cells that target the cells or
cells
other pathogens that are foreign
directly
NK
cancer killers, destroy abnormal
cells
cells
Leukocytes
Neutro‐
innate immunity, bacterial
phils
infection
Lympho‐
adaptive immunity
cytes
Monocytes
innate immunity, but will follow
b cell orders or antibody flags,
macrophage, usually stay in
peripheral tissues
Eosino‐
innate immunity, parasites
phils
Basophils
damage identifying cells,
increase inflammation and
blood flow to damaged but not
bleeding areas
By katwalker11
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